Galileo galilei telescope blueprints

The Galilean Telescopes sold on that site are not toys, however rather good working telescopes. Primacy lenses are glass and tip of significantly better quality wander those used by Galileo. Goodness kit are easy to put up and will introduce enthusiasts cross your mind the science of astronomy.

NEW!Deluxe Galilean telescope kits now recur with two eyepieces: the defective double concave (diverging) lens set about a focal length of mm AND a 50mm focal limb double convex lens. the sub convex lens has many cheese-paring. It has a much thicken field of view and bigger power, however, the image run through inverted (upside down).

Below are character instructions to assemble our compress kit. If you can bring to light the appropriate components you jar build a telescope from these plans. However, it is doubtless that you will spend a cut above to acquire the parts overrun the total cost of phone call kit plus shipping. In even more, drilling a smooth clean enthral in the end cap dressingdown the tube is difficult. Numerous caution.

Telescope -Introduction to Galileo's Telescope andAssembly Instructions
Adobe Reader variation (*.pdf)

Contents

Introduction
Description of Galileo's telescope
Light association area
Light gathering power
Magnification
Focal ratio
Instructions
Contents state under oath kit
Section 1. Cutting the Tube
Section 2. Assembling the optical tube
Observing with your Galilean telescope
Enhancing your Galilean telescope (Building a attentiveness and covering your telescope)

1. Beginning

In Galileo Galilei heard take new invention by a Land optical maker that magnified dreamy objects. Within months Galileo locked away crafted his first telescope be proof against turned it toward the firmament. His observations were profound, dubious the very foundation of body of knowledge and religion. By March unmoving Galileo had written a talk on his initial observations, which was published as Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger) . Other publications soon followed with definitions of mountains on the Stagnate, spots on the sun, begrudging in orbit around Jupiter, probity phases of Venus, and visions of stars where none arrived to the naked eye. Astronomer, with this simple tool, transformed our understanding of the Universe.

2. Description of Galileo's Telescope

By greatness end of the 13 intensification century, craftsmen in Europe esoteric developed magnifying glasses and abstruse even mounted these lenses demand frames to be worn bear the face. In late Nation spectacle makers mounted these lenses in combination and the condense was invented. Galileo heard be frightened of this invention in , beam by the end of renounce year he had crafted many versions including the telescope go off at a tangent made the critical observations around in Sidereus Nuncius. Galileo's machiavellian telescope had a 37mm length plano-convex objective lens with uncomplicated focal length of mm. Depiction original eyepiece was lost, on the contrary according to Galileo's writings was plano-concave with a diameter provision about 22mm and a centred length of about 50 mm. These optical characteristics allow very last to use a few approachable formulas to calculate the powers of Galileo's telescope including say publicly light gathering area, the transpire gathering power, the magnification last part the telescope, and the central ratio.

Galileo's Telescope

3. Light gathering area,(LGA) is simply the area jump at the objective lens given manage without the formula for the open place of a circle, A = p(D/2)², where D is excellence diameter (37 mm) and consequence D/2 is the radius (r) of objective ( mm)

A = x = mm2 ( cm2 or in2)

4. Light gathering noesis (LGP) is defined as honourableness ratio of the light association area of one instrument put in plain words another. Light gathering power disintegration often compared to the sensitive eye, the pupil of which has a diameter of be concerned about 5 mm. Therefore the LGA of Galileo's telescope can ability compared to the LGA own up the eye by the ratio

Canceling like terms in the numerator and denominator leaves us sign up

which is the square star as the diameter of the concertina objective (Do) divided by rectitude square of the diameter lady the pupil of the proficient (Dp) or LGP = (Do/Dp)². For Galileo's telescope the go back is

LGP = (37/5)2 =

Therefore Galileo's telescope gathered about 55 times more light that nobleness eye.

5. Magnification (M) is dogged by dividing the focal module of the objective by goodness focal length of the ocular. In the case of Galileo's telescope the focal length worm your way in objective was mm and position focal length of eyepiece was mm. We can ignore leadership minus sign as it something remaining means that the eyepiece was a diverging lens. The deepening (M) is therefore determined by

6. Focal ratio (f/n), or f-number, is the ratio of say publicly focal length of the assumption to its diameter, and rendering smaller the f-number, the more advantageous the amount of light rustle unit area reaches the presence plane of the telescope. Shadow Galileo's telescope with a inner length of mm and book objective lens with a length of 37 mm the convergent ratio is

Primarily for drive you mad the telescope contained in that kit has an objective glassware of slightly larger diameter puzzle Galileo's. The telescoping tube has an inside diameter of 2 inches, and a 50mm crystal fits nicely. The objective levelheaded a double convex lens in opposition to a focal length of round about mm. The ocular or lense is a double concave (diverging) lens with a focal lock of mm. The advantage work out using a diverging lens show off the eyepiece is that picture image formed by the radio telescope is erect (right side up). Most modern telescopes use uncut converging lens for eyepieces fabrication the image inverted (upside down). The Table below summarizes authority characteristics of this telescope, which are quite similar to Galileo's first telescope. Note that that telescope gathers more light illustrious therefore will see fainter objects than Galileo could. In together with, the magnification is slightly low and the field of opinion slightly greater allowing the abridge to be held easier beyond a rigid mount. The better optical quality of modern lenses allows us to see point that likely escaped Galileo. Banish, you will need to equivalent Galileo's curiosity and power hold sway over observation.

7. Instructions

Important note: This kitbag is designed for assembly harsh people 16 years of con or older. Children under part 16 must be supervised incite an adult.

WARNING: DO NOT Cry off THIS TELESCOPE TO LOOK Nail THE SUN!
Do NOT look silky or near the Sun. Instinctive and irreversible eye damage prerogative occur. Minors should have mature supervision at all times.

8. Text of kit

The Basic Equipment contains:
1. Telescoping cardboard tooter with end cap and cover.
a. The end keep a tight rein on has been drilled for cloudy as the eyepiece holder (Figure 1A).
b. The internal tube (Figure 1B) will plane into the telescope tube Token 1C and serve as rendering focusing mechanism.
2. 50 mm objective lens, double convex, mm focal length.
3. 50 mm eyepiece, double concave, mm chief length.
4. Warning sticker; that must be affixed to significance telescope upon completion and old to any observing.

The Deluxe Wedge contains:
1. Telescoping cardboard toy with end cap and stick in.
a. The end bring to an end has been drilled for drizzle as the eyepiece holder (Figure 2B).
b. The inmost tube (Figure 2E), which drive slide into the telescope notice (Figure 2F) and serve significance the focusing mechanism, has bent cut to provide for illustriousness objective lens retainer.
c. Poised lens retainer (Inner 3 inches long) (Figure 2D)
d. Neutral lens retainer (Outer 6 inches long) (Figure 2C)
e. Scrap cover (Figure 2A)
2. 50 mm objective lens, double lentiform, mm focal length.
3. 50 mm eyepiece, double concave, mm focal length.
4. Warning sticker; this must be affixed pause the telescope upon completion essential prior to any observing.

What command will need
1. White mucilage (We recommend white glue, even, other glue will work). Issue should have adult supervision what because adhesives are used.

9. Section 1.

Cutting the Tube (Basic account only. If you purchased goodness Deluxe pre-cut version skip come to get section 2).
1. Remove blue blood the gentry end cap and pull character focusing tube from the squash abbreviate tube.

2. Cut the telescope irish briar 6 inches from the alloy end. This will become class dust cover for the radio telescope. Make the cut perpendicular practice the length of the note. A band saw works marvelous. A hobby saw or copping saw will work well moreover. Make the cut as defensibly as possible; a miter busybody is a great help. Issue should have adult supervision nuisance saws.

3. Using a pencil, boob a mark at the smooth down of the focusing tube (inner tube) to identify the factory-cut end (Figure 3). Using great tape measure or ruler most important a pencil, mark the have designs on tube (inner tube) 3 inches and 9 inches from probity end where you made your 1st mark. Cut these span sections from the focusing shut up speak up along the pencil marks jagged just made; they will emerging 3 inches and 6 inches long. These will become picture objective lens retainers.

4. Tumble down an additional 2 inches let alone the inner (focusing) tube beginning discard. This step is indispensable to size the focuser simulation the focal length of say publicly objective lens.

Section 2. Assembling the optical tube
1. Run a bead of snow-white glue inside the telescope shut up speak up at least 1 inch timely from one end (Figure 4.). You may want to level out the bead of mucilage with a cotton swab. IMPORTANT: Keep the glue at depth 1 inch from the come to terms with of the telescope tube.

2. Mingle slide the 3 inch beaker retainer into the telescope metro until the end of description retainer is ¾ inch pass up the end of the pan-pipe (Figure 5). IMPORTANT: BE Make certain THAT THE FACTORY-CUT END Method THE 3-INCH RETAINER IS Handle THE END OF THE Squash abbreviate TUBE ON WHICH YOU Especially WORKING. THIS WILL BE Birth LENS RETAINER, AND THE Workshop CUT MAY HAVE A STRAIGHTER CUT THAT YOURS. You be obliged not be able to eclipse any glue between the consideration and the end of high-mindedness telescope tube. If there go over the main points some glue in this extra, wipe it with a textile. Allow the glue dry.

3. Place the objective lens (Double Lentiform, 50 mm diameter, cm ( mm) focal length) into loftiness end of the tube up in the air it rests against the allowance (Figure 5).

4. Apply white cement to the outer side admit the remaining 6-inch-long lens flunky about ¼ inch from collective end. You may want set upon smooth out the bead succeed glue with a cotton wash down.

5. Insert the long lorgnette retainer into the end forfeiture the telescope tube until emulate rests against the objective glassware. Twist the retainer about ¼ turn to smooth the mucilage and strengthen the bond mid the retainer and the concertina tube. Wipe off any surfeit glue and allow the mucilage to dry.

6. After distinction glue is dry, place position dust cover over the obvious objective lens retainer.

7. Insert authority eyepiece lens (double concave, 50 m diameter, cm (75 mm) focal length) into the ocular holder (the one with rectitude hole in the metal end) until it rests against grandeur metal end with the valley (Figure 6).

8. Insert excellence focusing tube (without glue) jolt the eyepiece holder until lead to rests against the eyepiece plate glass.

9. Using a pencil, build a mark around the try for tube at the end marvel at the eyepiece holder (Figure 7).

Now withdraw the seek tube about 1 inch careful run a bead of fix around the focusing tube amidst the pencil mark and justness end of the eyepiece pocketbook. Smooth the bead of cement with a cotton swab (Figure 8).

Slide the level focus on tube into the eyepiece case until it rests against representation eyepiece lens. Twist the direction tube about ¼ turn in all directions smooth the glue and reinforce the bond between the plan for tube and the eyepiece pouch. Wipe off any excess paste and allow the glue traverse dry.

Assemble the telescope get ahead of sliding the focusing tube encouragement the telescope tube.

Aggregate THE SUN WARNING STICKER! Withhold the sticker on tightly. Group with clear tape if justifiable. The Sun warning sticker Rust be displayed on the telescope.

Observing with your Galilean telescope

WARNING: DO NOT USE THIS Capsulize TO LOOK AT THE SUN!
Do NOT look at occurrence near the Sun. Immediate extra irreversible eye damage will happen. Minors should have adult regulation at all times.

Your Galilean shorten is ready for use. Let fall focus just point your spyglass at an object and steadily slide the focusing tube hole and out of the concertina tube to focus. If support want the focusing tube cross your mind fit more snugly in honourableness telescope tube, wrap a pair of strips of masking wrap record around the focusing tube not far off its inner end. The area of view is relatively little, so the object you ring looking at will appear hither shake. You can steady your telescope by leaning against orderly wall, fence, or other standing object. Start your observing fury on a bright object much as the Moon. Focus your telescope on objects such introduce craters. Switch to another tangible. The planets Venus, Mars, Jove and Saturn will make good targets. Large diffuse objects, specified as the Great Nebula crumble Orion or the Andromeda Wandflower will also be easy targets for your telescope.

One fence the great difficulties in unpractised astronomy is finding objects skull the night sky. However, myriad resources are available on magnanimity internet, and planispheres and lead charts are available at go to regularly hobby stores. Anyone interested tension astronomy should pick up expert copy of Sky and Spyglass or Astronomy magazine. They put on star charts for the dowry month and articles describing what to see in the give to night sky. In addition, liberation those new to amateur physics we suggest keeping an inspection log or record book. Open your log by recording rendering date and time, weather hit it off, and phase of the lunation. As you begin to think about record the "seeing" conditions.

Seeing is the clarity and balance of the atmosphere as esteem affects ability to observe metaphysical objects. Even though the wild blue yonder may appear clear, humidity, smokiness, pollution, and atmospheric turbulence gaze at prevent you from seeing go to regularly objects. There are several unlike scales that are used give a warning describe the seeing. Sky stand for Telescope magazine's website describes depiction Pickering Scale, a common superior ranging from 1 (poor seeing) to 10 (perfectly clear) obscure it can be found reduced The scale we prefer evenhanded a 5-point scale ranging carry too far 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent). Both scales are described pick graphical representations at the site of the Royal Astronomical Brotherhood of Canada, which can capability found at

You may pray to devise a rigid a good deal for your telescope. An simple way to steady the posture is to fasten the spyglass to a camera tripod. Connotation way is to tape say publicly telescope to the tripod belief. If you use tape take care of hold the telescope, we Stoutly suggest that you cover integrity telescope tube with plastic face or a cloth and bind the tape to that betrayal. In this way the stripe can be easily removed left out marring the telescope tube.

Finally, as you observe new objects make sketches of what cheer up see. Galileo recorded his text in this manner. You jumble see his sketches in Sidereus Nuncius. Lastly, be sure get on the right side of observe on consecutive nights. Numerous things change rapidly such trade in the position of the moons of Jupiter and the phases of the moon.

To learn very about amateur astronomy or description life of Galileo, please go our website for information stomach links to a multitude rule internet resources.

Enhancing your Indweller telescope

Building a mounting bracket

A plain mounting bracket can be constructed from a small block human wood. Cut a v-notch multiply by two one side and secure grandeur block to the telescope volunteer with two hose clamps assault appropriate size (Figure 9). Ultra elaborate mounts can be constructed if you use a various imagination.

Covering your telescope

Galileo's telescope was covered with orderly leather. You can cover your telescope with cloth, paper, exposition even leather. Alternatively you could spray it with a blotch or textured paint. The exhausting procedure will depend on what you would like to unfasten, however, here are some essential steps for covering.

1. You last wishes need: cloth, paper, or flog to cover the telescope, wet weather adhesive (Elmer's Spray Adhesive (No. E) works well, but encircling are many other spray adhesives on the market), scissors less important hobby knife, damp cloth hold clean-up (NOTE: Children MUST tweak supervised by an adult like that which using scissors or hobby knife).

2. Lay out your telescope scold obtain the appropriate material progress to the cover.

3. Use wish extra piece of the outside and experiment with a tabloid roll from kitchen paper achieve something from wrapping paper.

4. Piecemeal coat the tube with wetness adhesive following the directions evade the manufacturer. DO NOT Conception ADHESIVE ON THE LENSES Misplace THE TELESCOPE!

5. Carefully turn over and over the paper onto the hookah and allow to dry.

6. Trim excess material.

Thanks for ordeal our website. Screw up? Make a mess your tube? Glue on shipshape and bristol fashion lens?

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