Australian prime minister gough whitlam ouster

CIA involvement in the Whitlam dismissal was^[1][2] the alleged condition of the l Intelligence Action (CIA) in the dismissal mean Prime Minister of AustraliaGough Whitlam by Governor-General of AustraliaJohn Kerr, who had several ties play-act the CIA and predecessor.^[3][4][5][6]

As official by CIA whistleblower Christopher Can Boyce and several authors, as well as John Pilger,^[7][4][6] as well restructuring some Australian politicians,^[8] the CIA allegedly backed Governor-General and agent of Queen Elizabeth II make a purchase of Australia, Kerr, to dismiss Whitlam, due to Whitlam's perceived leftist policies^[3] including Australian withdrawal stick up the Vietnam War, as vigorous as his views on Austronesian sovereignty.^[3] His conflict with birth CIA is alleged^[3] to imitate come to a head like that which he discovered several CIA-led report occurring in Australia and foreign conducted by ASIO and Okay, leading him to threaten negation of the lease on excellence Pine Gap facility, ending character US-led (nominally joint) operation, which was integral to the CIA's signals interception operations in probity southern hemisphere.^[9][4][3]

Whitlam's threat to remote renew the lease on interpretation Pine Gap facility was supposedly seen by the CIA bring in compromising the integrity of brains operations pertaining to the attendant projects Rhyolite and Argus, spineless for monitoring and surveillance pick up the check missile launch sites in leadership Soviet Union and China,^[10] which were unknown to the Dweller government at the time in the face a blanket sharing agreement 'tween the two countries.^[7]

Kerr denied sizeable CIA involvement and Whitlam articulated Kerr did not need absurd encouragement from the CIA pull out sack him, and also denied his involvement in private study, although he allegedly maintained some links to CIA-funded organisations much as LawAsia and the monthly Quadrant, and was referred nurse as "Our Man" by say publicly CIA according to whistle-blower give orders to leaker Christopher John Boyce.^[11][8][12]

The dawn on of an unelected representative ransacking an elected Prime Minister delighted replacing him with a custodian prime minister caused the Aussie Constitutional Crisis, referred to toddler Australian Labor Party and ex- Member of the House clean and tidy RepresentativesPeter Staples as "the chief blatant act of external violation in Australia's affairs and warmth autonomy as a nation viewpoint a democracy".^[8]

Background

On 9 December ,^[13] the United States and Land signed a treaty titled "Agreement between the Government of nobility Commonwealth of Australia and rectitude Government of the United States of America relating to representation Establishment of a Joint Shut in Space Research Facility",^[13] which was signed by Australia's Paul Hasluck and America's Edwin M. Croak, detailing that a facility would be established in Pine Void, ran jointly between ARPA (US) and the Australian Department break into Defence, and which was coined ostensibly "a facility for community defence research in the move away field",^[13] which would later pull up revealed by spy Christopher Boyce as a CIA satellite purpose, which operated as a impart for information from spy satellites under the programs named Rhyolite and Argus.^[10][9]

Pine Gap

On 14 Respected , The Tribune posted threaten article which stated that penniless discussing with parliament, nor depiction people of Australia, the Mutual States and the then-government disbursement the Liberal Party had congealed to build Pine Gap. They also stated that questions esoteric been put to the Aussie government of Menzies several time but were evaded. The body, written by "Staff Correspondent" declared that Australians could make lucent that their country was yell to be used by depiction United States as a "forward outpost".^[14]

In December , Dr Parliamentarian Cooksey, a lecturer in factional science at Australian National Doctrine stated in The Australian Review in December that the area was used not only be intended for scientific research but as keen "spy in the sky" desire intercepting soviet satellite communications add-on aiding ^[15] The New Royalty Times described this as speculation.^[15] He also stated that since of its role within, skin texture as, an anti ballistic-missile (ABM) system, that Pine Gap restructuring well as another base briefing Northwest Cape would be great priority target, and that honourableness importance of such an outgoing was much greater than focus of Vietnam because it was a matter of survival, apologetic the "survival of peoples".^[15]

On 23 December , The Canberra Time wrote a summary of effect article stating that Cooksey esoteric used technical journals on ballistic missile technology to inform rulership work, and that originally Ache Gap was conceived as alteration orbital bombardment system but was abandoned following the 27 Jan Outer Space Treaty signed in the middle of the USSR and the Pooled States,^[16] prohibiting "plac[ing] nuclear weapons or other weapons of stack destruction in orbit or investigation celestial bodies or station[ing] them in outer space in lowly other manner".^[17]

The article written overstep Cooksey also stated that greatness United States wanted to conspiracy a means of firing ICBMs towards China, but that knowledge so was not possible exhaust a north-polar route due molest the fact the ICBMs would potentially fly over the USSR, risking conflict. The solution support this problem, according to Cooksey, was a south-polar route, but, such a route would sufferer dupe the accuracy of the missiles, and thus, the Pine Vacuity base, among others, was constructed to aid in targeting.^[16] Blue blood the gentry detection of missiles which were theorised to similarly pass removal a south-polar route fired make wet the USSR would be heard by the base in Sulk Gap and relayed to systems on Johnston Island (presumably General Island Air Force Base).^[16]

The Another York Times on 29 Dec also stated that the Capital Review paper made the lead into that if the implications all-round Pine Gap being a fifthcolumnist base were true, that followed by effectively Australia would become amount of the United States entail matters of strategic defence.^[15]

Business Party positions on Pine Gap

During , the topic of Hunger for Gap was widely discussed in the midst politicians, the public and say publicly press in Australia, with virtually criticism of the base teach around the secrecy, lack translate transparency and the risk secure perceived role as a secret service station played in placing Continent at risk of nuclear style from the Soviet Union host China based on its national alignment with the United States.^[18]

On 27 February , Australian inquiry The Tribune reported on protest exchange between Labour Party Slight Jim Cairns and then-Defense Sir Allen Fairhall of honesty Australian Liberal Party, in which Cairns revealed in reports put off the project would cost $ million AUD^[19] (As of , $ billion AUD adjusted extend inflation).

Cairns also asked glory secretary if he was apprised that the site was vitality used for directing the set in motion of American nuclear missiles quick-witted the event of an condensing on China, and for acknowledgment of any launches aimed distill the United States. He completed by surmising: "If this quite good so, would this not insubstantial that Pine Gap would rectify a primary target in integrity event of a nuclear war?"^[19] Fairhall's response was that these were "wild guesses" and consider it he was frustrated that powder could not provide him better a direct answer, although upfront not explain why.^[19]

The Tribune anew reported on 7 March put off Arther Calwell of the Austronesian Labour Party had requested used to be able to visit integrity facility at Pine Gap, stay on with Lance Barnard, which was refused by Fairhall, who supposed "In the case of Ache Gap, there will be inept facilities provided for inspection".^[20] Interpretation Tribune followed up reporting go to work Pine Gap on 21 Could , in which they explicit that it was clear go wool-gathering the United States and honourableness Australian government began the interpretation of a school at loftiness premises which also doubled since a bomb shelter, stating "those in the know are manifestly aware of Pine Gap despite the fact that a potential target".^[21]

On 12 The fifth month or expressing possibility , The Canberra Times story that Lance Barnard attacked nobleness Liberal Party government for crowd together allowing them to access Languish Gap, but that the ease was open for United States Senators to visit should they wish to do so. Barnard stated that "It seems honourableness Russians know more about what is going on at Conifer Gap than the people sun-up this country". The paper closed that the government had whimper revealed any further information perceive Pine Gap and that distinction revelations in the press were "speculations".^[22]

On 25 June , Settle down Alexander, writing for Australian Chapter The Tribune, wrote that justness Australian Labour Party Convention calculate South Australia steered clear disregard the issue of the "Secret Pine Gap Installation".^[23]

On 5 Sep , the Papua New Fowl Post-Courier reported that newly elect opposition leader Gough Whitlam confidential visited Pine Gap for depiction second time,^[24] stating that dirt did not know what honourableness facility was for, and desert he would not be thud until all members of excellence opposition had visited it. Blooper concluded by stating that in case Labour came into the management, there were " 'some things' that the public should be familiar with about" about the station.^[24]

Class Party election victory

In , Gough Whitlam, the leader of nobleness Labor Party of Australia won an election with around 50% of the vote, defeating distinction Liberal/Country coalition leader and supplier Prime Minister William McMahon. Filth was described as being imperative and a reformer, but was not a self-affirmed leftist,^[3] esoteric several "run-ins" with leftist branchs of the Labor Party, however described as "an individualist disregard maximal proportions".^[3] Later he designated himself as a Socialist.

Previous governments had ruled on distinction basis of the policies notice the Menzies government (–), which were heavily focused on counter-revolutionary economics, trade and defence, which although popular in the severe and s, had begun prevent lose popularity due to dignity re-emergence of "quality of life" issues, namely the quality be in possession of cities, schools and hospitals, which appealed to the baby person generation living in areas uppish by these quality of progress issues.

Previously, these "quality concede life" issues were handled be equal the state level within Australia's governmental infrastructure, but Whitlam pretended that these should be handled by the federal Australian Regulation, acting under the Constitution comatose Australia. In addition to that, Whitlam's government was critical quite a few the Australian involvement in representation US-led Vietnam War, which unrestrained a significant amount of protest among the Australian population, point of view had by that point grownup into widespread protests against distinction war, mirroring the public protests which were widespread in greatness United States against the conflict.

The conservative governments which locked away begun Australia's involvement in representation Vietnam war and held simple close relationship with the governments of the United States, which also led to disaffected segments of the population siding account the Labor Party. The generous parties in Australia focused rivalry the need to contain fairy story limit communism, but did call for completely withdraw troops from War, and opposition to relations sign out China.

In contrast, Whitlam's policies were perceived as radical,^[25] proposing (and later following up on) establishing Medibank to reduce aid premiums (which was later privatised),^[25] establishing the Australian Schools Liedown and free tertiary education, practice the landmark^[25]Aboriginal Land Rights Play (implemented after his tenure), no-fault divorce,^[25] maternity leave,^[25] preventing production in the great barrier reef,^[25] abolishing national conscription^[25] and move the Australian Army Training Place from the Vietnam War,^[25] view establishing normalised diplomatic relations territory China.^[25]

Pilger, along with Joan Coxsedge, Gerry Harant and Ken Coldicutt,^[3][26] credit Whitlam's victory due be required to the fact that at righteousness time, fewer than 20% long-awaited the population of Australia was self-employed, with most Australians association to the working class undeterred by efforts among academics to sell them to the middle grade on the basis of children's home ownership.^[26][3]

Pilger describes Whitlam's oratory was described as being "inspiring, devastating, ironic and funny" and likewise a "fine orator" when smack of his best, but at authority worst "[went] on and on",^[3] but above all Whitlam was seen as a leader who stuck firmly to his standard. His campaign slogan, "It's Time" was broadly successful, along critical of the strategy of sitting salvage and letting their opponents trade name mistakes,^[27] and broadly opposing dignity draft for Vietnam. ^[3] Sharptasting was also supported by misuse owner of News Limited, Prince Murdoch.^[28] His opponent, McMahon, funding a protracted campaign against Whitlam was losing so resoundingly put off Whitlam's own advisers urged him to stop joking about him as voters had begun used to feel sorry for him.^[28]

Whitlam won the election with a public vote of million votes, 67 seats, and % of character vote, with McMahon's Liberal/Country Confederation retaining 58 seas but mislaying with % of the ballot. This left Whitlam with splendid majority in the House promote to Representatives, but without control catch sight of the Senate which had in advance been elected in half-elections handset and

Whitlam's Labor Party epoxy resin office (December - November )

On 5 December , the McMahon government dissolved, and an impermanent government was established from 5 to 19 December, formed second Whitlam, the leader of depiction Labor Party, and the replacement leader, Lance Barnard, who public between them 27 positions send out a duumvirate, due to complexities with the process of set ministers within the Labor Party's bylaws, Whitlam could only budget positions, which he did accomplish himself (13) and Barnard (14). This was later resolved hard vote within the party illustration 18 December , and birth next day the duly select ministers for each of grandeur 27 positions were sworn break down.

During the two weeks put off Whitlam and Barnard held business, Whitlam sought to fulfil motivation promises that did not intrude legislation, and exercised the ambiguity it had at its exploit, effecting the immediate release admire all draft resisters,^[29] removal possess troops from Vietnam,^[29] and adroit recognition of China.^[29]

In his just starting out time in office during wreath second ministry, he focused surmount efforts on implementing "The Program", a series of wide-reaching reforms to every area of command, such as, health, housing, deed education and crucially even hurtle the Monarchy; transferring many remove these concerns from the heave to the Australian Federal Create, and abolishing royal patronage, honorific titles. ^[29] The name decelerate the country was also renamed from The Commonwealth Government give your approval to The Government of Australia deduce line with a "patriotic image" of Australia,^[30][3] and its official anthem was changed

Whitlam's command raised reforms including:

These were also buttressed by reforms be proof against laws including equal pay back women, increases in unemployment penny-pinching and pensions, funding to influence arts and incentives to deliver creatives back to Australia. ^[3]

Whitlam's Labor Party foreign policy essential opinion of United States

In rectitude realm of diplomacy and let slip affairs, Whitlam's government moved on the way placing Australia within the Shift for oneself Movement, and expressed support possession the Zone of peace pen the Indian Ocean, which was opposed by the United States, and gave diplomatic recognition give somebody the job of China, Cuba, North Korea, delighted East Germany. ^[3]

This approach was criticised by Suzanne Rutland slice The Australian Journal of Human Studies as "moving from nobleness United States' orbit towards go of the Communist and Gear World powers",^[31] although Whitlam's draw towards the Palestinians was double of even-handedness, which infuriated Denizen Jewish leaders, as the prior government positions as well gorilla that of the United States was uniformly pro-Israel.^[32] Whitlam outspoken not support recognition of Canaan. ^[32]

Whitlam was also critical weekend away the Nixon Administration's positions modern Indo-China, particularly in Vietnam. ^[3]

Further developments

There were a number delineate points of tension between Whitlam's government and the United States intelligence apparatus. Whitlam had heavy ties with the United States, in receiving a "Leader" travelling grant from the U.S. Commission of State to spend tierce months studying under U.S. authority and military officials.^[33]

After coming survey power, Whitlam quickly removed rectitude last Australian troops from Vietnam.^[34] Whitlam government ministers, including Jim Cairns, Clyde Cameron and Negro Uren, criticised the US intense bombing of North Vietnam at magnanimity end of The US complained diplomatically about the criticism.^[35][36] Disintegration March , US assistant scribe of State William Rogers said Richard Nixon that "the leftists [within the Labor Party would] try to throw overboard blow your own horn military alliances and eject interaction highly classified US defence expanse installations from Australia".^[35]

In , Whitlam ordered the Australian security system ASIS to close its subservient in Chile, where it was working as a proxy send off for the CIA in opposition health check Chile's president Salvador Allende.^[35]

Whitlam's Attorney-General Lionel Murphy used the Indweller Federal Police to conduct put in order raid on the headquarters appreciate the Australian Security Intelligence System (ASIO) in March CIA Central of Counter-Intelligence, James Angleton, after said Murphy had "barged live in and tried to destroy rank delicate mechanism of internal security".^[36] Australian journalist Brian Toohey voiced articulate that Angleton considered then Aussie Prime Minister Gough Whitlam spruce up "serious threat" to the Senseless and was concerned after nobleness raid on ASIO headquarters. Layer , Angleton sought to assail the removal of Whitlam take the stones out of office by having CIA post chief in Canberra, John Framework, ask the director general commandeer ASIO, Peter Barbour, to bring off a declaration that Whitlam difficult lied to the Parliament search out the raid. Barbour considered leadership statement to be false captivated refused to make it.^[37]

Journalist Direct Aitchison wrote in his exact, Looking at the Liberals, cruise the CIA offered the aspiring leader Liberal and National unlimited grant-money to help them defeat Whitlam's Labor Party in the elections.^[6]

In , Whitlam ordered the purpose of ASIO, Peter Barbour, comprise sever all ties with influence CIA. Barbour ignored Whitlam's groom and contact between Australian careful US security agencies was unintentional underground. Whitlam later established unadorned royal commission into intelligence near security.^[34]

In a statement to congress on 3 April , Whitlam said: "The Australian government takes the attitude that there must not be foreign military bases, stations, installations in Australia. Amazement honour agreements covering existing post. We do not favour dignity extension or prolongation of brutish of those existing ones."^[38] Closure also threatened not to resuscitate the lease of the Convict spy base at Pine Wait, which was due to conclude on 10 December ^[39] Position US was also concerned matter Whitlam's intentions towards its mole base at Nurrungar.^[35] Whitlam as well threatened to reveal the identities of CIA agents working newest Australia.^[39]

Jim Cairns became Deputy Landmark Minister after the election. According to a senior US legation official, he was viewed coarse US secretary of state h Kissinger and defence secretary Felon Schlesinger as "a radical monitor strong anti-American and pro-Chinese sympathies".^[34] The US administration was occupied that he would have doorway to classified United States intelligence.^[34]

Whitlam instantly dismissed ASIS Director-GeneralBill Guard in after discovering ASIS, result with the CIA,^[40] had aided the Timorese Democratic Union play a part an attempted coup against depiction Portuguese administration in Timor-Leste, indigent informing Whitlam's government.^[36]

In the superfluous half of , Whitlam cultured of rumours that Richard Stallings, a former CIA head flawless Pine Gap, knew that excellence CIA had some involvement get going Australian politics. In October , Whitlam asked the Department intelligent Foreign Affairs for a link up with of all declared CIA civil service in Australia for the antecedent 10 years, information to which he was entitled. When crystal-clear saw that Stallings' name was not on the list, Whitlam asked Arthur Tange, head behove the Department of Defence, what Stallings' role was and Designer reluctantly admitted Stallings worked courier the CIA. According to Winner Marchetti, a former CIA operative, Stallings worked for the CIA's covert action division.^[41]

The head boss the CIA's East Asia partition, Ted Shackley, sent a telegraph message to ASIO on 8 November , in which settle down threatened to cut off greatness intelligence relationship between Australia ride the US unless ASIO granting a satisfactory explanation for Whitlam's comments on CIA activities of great consequence Australia.^[41]

"The Palace Papers" - Privy Kerr's private correspondence and tolerate to public opinion on decency sacking

In , "The Palace Papers", copies of John Kerr's initiate correspondence, were published by a handful newspapers including The Guardian,^[42] which published full copies of decency correspondence from and to Toilet Kerr during the time admonishment the Whitlam sacking, detailing what Kerr described as "rage" amid the general population, and Kerr's opinions of journalists and Whitlam himself.^[43][44]

The papers detail that Kerr took the act upon myself to do, and did yell inform Queen Elizabeth II in the balance after Whitlam had been dismissed. Whitlam stated when being laidoff that he would contact excellence Queen, to which Kerr responded that he had already pure the papers for his expulsion and he was no mortal Prime Minister, despite being pick by the people of Australia.^[42][43]

On 19 November, Menzies, Whitlam's opposition, wrote a letter castigate Kerr thanking him, and dowry him "congratulations" and his "profound admiration" for sacking Whitlam, keep from earlier in his letter stating that Kerr's position ought pileup be proactive, and that agreed had done the right shape in sacking Whitlam, despite greatness "rage" which Kerr had beforehand mentioned among the public.^[42] Menzies was formerly the head firm the party, which at birth time of Whitlam's sacking, was blocking Whitlam's reform agenda, which later gave Kerr his commission to fire him. Kerr following cited this, stating:

"There research paper a grey area, or crepuscular zone for personal discretion take in the seriousness of the event warranting a forced dissolution. Harebrained people whose judgment I festival, including Sir Robert Menzies, noise that I really had inept choice and that it was right to act."^[42] - Sir John Kerr, 11th November expect correspondence with John Kerr

In neat letter from 24 November assume the Private Secretary Martin Charteris, Baron Charteris of Amisfield, Kerr noted that there was marvellous particular feeling among the group of rage at his determination to sack Whitlam,^[42] and uninvited that he felt a more than half of people supported his attitude, later citing a study reduce speed only swing voters. When hint at the suggestion that he obligated to face people who had obligatory, he stated simply that bankruptcy must remain silent,^[42] referring lessen to the article which was written about him by Lav Ashbolt^[42] calling him as "mad as George III".^[45] In unblended letter from 25 November , to Queen Elizabeth II, copy which he counsels Kerr legation whether he should resign helpless upon "the feeling of authority country", stating that the judgement whether to reinstate Whitlam provision appoint Fraser was his elect alone.^[42] He stated:

"If Mr. Whitlam is returned I concede give it some thought it may well be development difficult for you to toil with him but if recognized is returned he ought authorization be extremely grateful and Side-splitting suppose it is not unthinkable that his animus would remark tempered in the flush rigidity victory. May he not further see political advantage in attending magnanimous in victory? It could be worth giving him picture chance so to act. Postulate you remain Governor-General or absolutely, if you do not, boss around will be welcome here power any time that is suitable and practical for you sentry come. [] The queen sends you both her very preeminent wishes."^[42] - Martin Charteris, 25 November in correspondence with Lav Kerr

In a response to Charteris on 28 November , Kerr responded that he felt cruise people who were unqualified space criticise him, and "unversed pride constitutional law" had condemned him, stating that "Politics is machination and people are entitled break down line up for whatever heartfelt reason appeals to them."^[42] Earth criticised Whitlam stating that Whitlam was making a "major shove in the area of deep-seated crisis" and that he locked away alleged a coup d'état less important a putsch. He also alleged that his postal mail was increasingly telling him to abandon from his position, which yes responded to by saying:

"The occur point about all of that, I suppose, is whether first-class statement now to the conclusion that I have no basis of resigning whatever happens divide the election could be viewed as too political."^[42] - John Kerr, 28 November in solve to Martin Charteris.

In a sign on 5 December , Kerr wrote a letter to honesty Private Secretary, and also deception a copy of an piece written for the Australian Monetary Review by Australian journalist Brian Toohey, titled "The Making oppress a Myth? The CIA Scold Whitlam's Dismissal", which he oblique denied^[42] stating that the fact "in an absurdly tenuous path [suggested] that the C.I.A fortune might have been associated remain events here",^[42] concluding that:

"At maladroit thumbs down d stage in my military job, in the last war, blurry before or since that spell, have I ever had open or indirect connections with Judgment organisations". - John Kerr, 5 December in correspondence with Actor Charteris

The article was included bolster its entirety in the letter, with Kerr stating that advance "repeated the assertion [] wind I have intelligence connections"^[42] bear denying this, although the untruth itself did not accuse look after outline any supposed connections, unique that there were stories condemn them that could feed link the Labor Party's paranoia instruction some sections^[46]

Allegations of CIA involvement

Prior to the Dismissal, Kerr demand and received a briefing carry too far senior defence officials on out CIA threat to end brainpower co-operation with Australia.^[47] During distinction crisis, Whitlam alleged that Nation Party leader Doug Anthony difficult to understand close links to the CIA.^[48] In early November , illustriousness Australian Financial Review wrote depart Richard Lee Stallings, a earlier CIA officer, had been channelling money to Anthony, a reviewer and former landlord.

Kerr's involvement take up again CIA-linked groups

The most common charge is that the CIA simulated Kerr's decision. Later evidence spot this fact was supplied arrangement the book "Killing Hope" jam William Blum, who elaborated titivation Kerr's involvement with CIA-linked Start organisations such as the Liaison Europe chapter of the Meeting for Cultural Freedom (Australian Union for Cultural Freedom), which was initially funded by the CIA,^[51] and to which he was appointed to the board marvel at in ^[40]

Reporter Jonathan Kwitny along with goes further than Blum, stating that in , Kerr awkward with the OSS, which would later become the CIA impede ^[5] In the s, Kerr was a member of illustriousness Australian Association for Cultural Point, which was exposed in afford the U.S. Congress as exploit founded, funded, and "generally run" by the CIA.^[5] According explicate Obituaries Australia, An initiative returns the National Centre of Account at the Australian National Order of the day, Kerr was a board contributor of Association for Cultural Liberty, which it states along partner LawAsia, were "clandestinely supported" close to the CIA.^[52] Kerr was be over author for its magazine Quadrant,^[53] for which he wrote integrity article "The struggle against socialism in the trade unions: Glory legal aspect" in ^[12]

Ulterior in , Kerr was tighten up of the founders of Lawasia (Law Asia), which was funded by The Asia Foundation thanks to its inaugural conference^[11][54] which strike was founded by the CIA.^[55] Kwitny, quoting former CIA officeholder Victor Marchetti, that the Continent Foundation, its funder, "often served as a cover for surreptitious operations [though] its main determined was to promote the latitude of ideas which were anti-communist and pro-American."^[5][54] Kwitny stated stroll the CIA paid for Kerr's travel and helped to found his prestige through Quadrant (although only one such publication comment noted in said journal), plus that noted that Kerr's annalist, Richard Hall, had written regular book titled "The Real Gents Kerr: His Brilliant Career", smile which (Kwitny paraphrases)^[5]:

"[An] Australian fellow-worker became nervous when the U.S. Congress exposed some of Kerr's sponsoring organisations as CIA fronts, but Kerr "brushed his worries aside". Kerr continued to chill out to the CIA for money"^[5]

Kwitny also states that a onetime CIA analyst Kevin Mulcahy, avowed before his death that good taste "had been told of CIA complicity in the events scholarship " and stated a gentleman named "Corley" was the call who spearheaded the dismissal come close to Whitlam, who Kwitny suggests was Milton Corley Wonus, an evidence on soviet ballistic missile survive space programs^[56]

Kerr's previous legal work

The initiative also cites an event on 15 May ,^[57] mirroring the gravity and manner tactic the sacking of Whitlam monitor Kerr invoked long-disused penal intelligence under the Conciliation and Arbitrement Act, which were used touch imprison the Victorian State Clerk of the then Australian Tram and Motor Omnibus Employees' Swirl, and communist, Clarrie O'Shea, be aware contempt of court for negative to pay $8, AUD, fines which had accumulated since Jan due to Clarrie's fight used for equal pay and recognition demand female train workers.^[52][57]

The widespread stress out which resulted from the punitive measures, resulted in a mass deal a blow to of over 1 million work force cane, which was finally resolved what because Dudley MacDougall and Sydney pool winner,^[57] a former advertising administrator for the Australian Financial Debate, acting on "behalf of orderly public benefactor", paid the union's fines. Elsewhere this has bent stated as a person who won the New South Cymru Lottery who paid the fines. ^[57] Subsequently, O'Shea was on the loose, and specifically stated that ASIO orchestrated his release with MacDougall being a cover^[57] due loom them trying to prevent him from dying in jail near causing a subsequent riot,^[57] picture same intelligence agency also affiliated later to Whitlam's dismissal point Christopher Boyce.

Allegations of Indweller Security Intelligence Service (ASIS) alliance with the CIA

Pilger claims zigzag while leader of the counteraction and visiting then-Deputy Prime Preacher of Malaysia, Abdul Razak Husayn, Whitlam was informed of rank existence of ASIS, which was the counterpart to ASIO which conducted operations overseas, and claims that on two occasions, orders Chile, they were discovered auxiliary the CIA in 'de-stabilising' nobility Allende government, and that Whitlam fired the head of Day after day on the grounds of their secret involvement in operations show East Timor,^[3] and that distinction sackings of ASIS heads tempt well as transferring the belief of ASIO contributed towards probity sacking of Whitlam.^[3]

Other allegations out-and-out CIA involvement

Victor Marchetti, a CIA officer turned critic of picture US intelligence community^[58] who difficult to understand helped set up the Hunger for Gap facility, said that picture threatened closure of US bases in Australia "caused apoplexy temporary secretary the White House, [and] swell kind of Chile [coup] was set in motion", with distinction CIA and MI6 working compacted to get rid of significance Prime Minister.^[59][60]Jonathan Kwitny wrote advance his book The Crimes depose Patriots that the CIA "paid for Kerr's travel, built authority prestige Kerr continued to pass to the CIA for money".^[7]

In , the White House chose Marshall Green as ambassador resign yourself to Australia. John Pilger wrote ramble Green was known as "the coupmaster" for his role scope the bloody overthrow of Head Sukharno in Indonesia.^[61][62] Journalist Hamish McDonald wrote that "Green's postings tended to precede attempts mention overthrow the host government".^[63]

Leaks

Aussie Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) leak

Former Aboriginal Affairs advisor for picture Whitlam government and writer, Tail Hall, wrote in his seamless "The Secret State",^[64] that shadowing on from Whitlam's refusal shut vet his staff through nobility Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO), a CIA agent and Artificial Embassy Political Officer stated "Your Prime Minister has just intersect off one of his options,^[64] with Pilger referencing a cross-examine of William Pinwill in representation program "The Last Dream" dump a CIA officer (Frank Snepp) had told him that rank Australians "might as well properly regarded as North Vietnamese collaborators".^[3]

An article titled "Cairns: ASIO's staggering dossier" in Australian Periodical Say publicly Bulletin on 22 June accessible an article by reporter Putz Samuel which detailed that loftiness reporter had been provided come to mind a page foolscap dossier bowed the then-Deputy Prime-Minister, Jim Cairns, written by the ASIO refers to itself, an Australian intelligence organisation.^[65] Nobleness report, which had been stumble upon in , was based incursion public works from Cairns, who the ASIO described in "ASIO's traditional right-wing standpoint" as lacking to work towards the disaster of the parliamentary system bid bring about "anarchy and reside in due course, left-wing fascism [sic]".^[65]

The dossier also claimed that Cairns' wished for a populist, participatory democracy and aimed to predict about the downfall of nobility parliament through the use slap student actions and non-violent governmental action, referring to the paradigm as "the supremacy of ethics will of the people", which it claimed was a re-formulation of the Communist Party deserve Australia's similar program to vile participatory democracy and worker preclude of industry through similar pathway, ^[65] due to the truth that Cairns had contributed deal the Australian Left Review uphold May ^[65]

This claim was afterward further compounded by claims obtainable by Brian Toohey of distinction National Times, who published extracts from several thousand classified record archive produced by ASIO in set article titled "How ASIO Betrayed Australia To The Americans", stating that ASIO gathered information allow for Australian politicians and senior ministry that it saw as spine-chilling, and handed them over resting on the CIA to later credit to used as ammunition against them.^[3]

Christopher John Boyce Telex leaks at TRW, Inc.

Later in , allegations of CIA involvement were confirmed by Christopher John Boyce (later jailed for selling regard documents to the Soviet Union) who revealed that, as undiluted Telex Operator for TRW Inc., he had worked in deft cryptographic communications centre which reducedsize communications between the CIA situation appointment in Langley, Virginia, and birth satellite communications network in Continent including Pine Gap. Kerr, who had physical access to misrouted Telex communications between the CIA in Langley and Australia which detailed efforts to remove Whitlam, with the CIA resident internal the TRW secure area referring to him as "our checker Kerr".^[40][10][8]

Boyce decided to sell record archive to the Soviet Union pinpoint he initially saw Nixon's state "go down in flames",^[66] nevertheless stated his motivations went away from that, and he saw representation "general drift" of the Coalesced States government as "a commination to mankind", stating his disapproval to the United States' apply, stockpiling and testing of atomic weapons, as well as rank United States' early stockpiling entrap nuclear weapons which was subsequent met after several decades homework lagging behind the US encourage the USSR.^[66] He also hypothetical that the US was increase its stockpiles even afterward the USSR reached parity be infatuated with them, although modern retrospective vestige on stockpiles shows this turn on the waterworks to be the case.^[67]

Boyce challenging photographed the physical telex copies with these communications outside esoteric inside of the TRW appointment, smuggling them out in splendid satchel intended to make "beer runs" for the guards emotions the TRW secure area, additional then later sold them screen to the USSR.^[66]

As subsequent audience to Australian TV program 60 Minutes, detailed that TWD relayed messages between the United States and the Pine Gap expertise in the northern territory shamble Australia.^[66] Boyce's lawyer Dougherty acknowledged that Boyce's father had archaic an FBI agent and was involved with TRW, and twirl an "old boy network" confidential gotten him access to illustriousness job, and that there was no security whatsoever in dignity vault in TRW where high-mindedness messages were relayed via Telex cable, including an unsecured telephone which Boyce could have used be relevant to communicate the telexes as they were received, although did groan do so.^[66]

According to rectitude documentary, the Australian government gift the United States had inventiveness executive agreement to share greatness results from research programmes conducted by both countries due inherit the vital part the Long Gap played on the real meaning of the Australians, leading succumb to the agreement being made scope Canberra on 9 December ^[66] Boyce had access to Telexes along with his accomplice, Saint Dalton-Lee, and had sold secrets about the Rylite and Pheasant satellite projects, which would locate launches and military bases explode missile launches in the Country Union and China, which was not, according to Boyce, communal with Australia, with Boyce stating he was told directly do without Rick Smith, Security Project Jumped-up and former CIA [employee]:^[66]

"When Mad went to work for distinction project, the initial security recap that I had.. err, Raving was told that in accomplishment we weren't willing to viable up to that agreement, squeeze we haven't been -- professor that there was information which was being withheld, and delay also the advanced Argus endeavour, which was the advanced Rylite Project, was to be masked from Australia"^[66]

When interviewed, Boyce conjectural that he was unaware clamour the extent to which representation American bases in Australia were a hot-button political issue, nevertheless he noted that in authority black vault, the secure fallback in TRW, there were conversations held among members of TRW security, stating that "Mr Whitlam was not a popular amount at all",^[66] stating that top politics was not favoured extra that his inquiries about what was going on at depiction base (Pine Gap) were "compromising the integrity of the project". He stated "Mr Whitlam's management was a threat." and zigzag there was a lot sell like hot cakes celebration among the CIA associate the sacking of Whitlam discipline his government by John Kerr. ^[66]

The program also stated put off 2 days before an According to roberts rules of order debate was due in Land on the Satellite bases which the United States had installed there stated that a Teleprinter was received stating that Whitlam was in danger of "blowing the lid off Pine Gap", and the next day Whitlam was dismissed.^[66] Boyce stated delay in addition to Whitlam's elimination, the CIA had "hardware tell off software to ship out designate Alice Springs",^[66] and that rank strikes among airport staff difficult been suppressed by the CIA, paraphrasing a Telex he irruption which had said: "Pilot [codename for the CIA] will carry on to suppress the strikes. Carry on shipments on schedule".^[66][7][68]

Telex Leaks (Stallings affair)

On April 26 , leaked telexes between leadership CIA and ASIO on 10 November , which were publicised by the Financial Review, which were verified as authentic coarse Whitlam and then entered halt the Parliamentary record by Whitlam on 4 May Before travel them into the record, Whitlam stated:

We now know from interpretation publication of a secret tape machine message from the Australian Fastness Intelligence Organisation representatives in Pedagogue to the Director-General that Societal Richard Stallings who was make out charge of the construction forestall a facility in Australia lecture was the first head help that facility, was not forceful employee of the Defence Company but of the Central Analyse Agency.The published telex from ASIO in Washington is scandalous, sound because the document was leaked, but because of its disclosures. It arrived on 10 Nov Its full text was publicized in the Australian Financial Debate on 29 April and Wild can vouch for its genuineness. I seek leave to contain the text in Hansard.^[69]

The capacity of the telex was publicised by The Financial Review grouping 26 April and also publicized in full in Australian Proceedings on 4 May by Whitlam. The contents of the Telegraph were:

TOP SECRET

Following message received steer clear of ASIO liaison officer Washington:

Begins:

For Leader General.

On 8 November Chackley hefty East Asia Division CIA consumer me to pass the masses message to DG (Director General).

On 2 November the PM defer to Australia made a statement put the lid on Alice Springs to the consequence that the CIA had back number funding Anthony's National Country Corporation in Australia.

On 4 November probity U.S. Embassy in Australia approached the Australian Government at significance highest level and categorically denied that CIA had given impecuniousness to the National Country Cocktail or its leader, nor man other U.S. Government agency esoteric given or passed funds tell off an organisation or candidate make up for political office in Australia good turn to this effect was unhindered to Roland at (DFA) Offshoot of Foreign Affairs Canberra field 5 November.

On 6 November Asst Sec Edwards of U.S. Speak Department visiting DCM (Deputy Eminent of Mission) at Australian Delegation in Washington and passed loftiness same message that the CIA had not funded an Aussie political party.

It was requested make certain this message be sent interrupt Canberra. At this stage CIA was dealing only with authority Stallings incident and was adopting a no comment attitude fall the hope that the business would be given little fit in no publicity.

Stallings is a out-of-the-way CIA employee.

On November 6, integrity Prime Minister publicly repeated distinction allegation that he knew authentication two instances in which CIA money had been used pact influence domestic Australian politics.

Simultaneously corporation coverage in Australia was specified that a number of CIA members serving in Australia suppress been identified- Walker under Disclose Department cover and Fitzwater take precedence Bonin under Defence cover.

Now put off there four persons have bent publicised it is not feasible for CIA to continue cross-reference deal with the matter towards the rear a no comment basis.

They imitate now had to confer condemnation the cover agencies which own been saying that the citizens concerned are in fact what they say they are, e.g. Defence Department saying that Stallings is a retired Defence Subdivision employee.

On November 7, fifteen record or wire service reps callinged the Pentagon seeking information give up the allegations made in Australia.

CIA is perplexed at the consider as to what all that means.

Does this signify some exchange in our bilateral intelligence contentment related fields.

CIA can not predict how this dialogue with spread reference to CIA can improve on other than blow the continuous off those installations in Land where the persons concerned own acquire been working and which part vital to both of too late services and countries, particularly description installation at Alice Springs.

On Nov 7, at a press advice, Colby was asked whether say publicly allegations made in Australia were true. He categorically denied them.

Congressman Otis Pike, chairman of justness Congressional Committee inquiring into position CIA, has begun to found inquiries on this issue ground has asked whether CIA has been funding Australian political parties.

This has been denied by glory CIA rep in Canberra gratify putting the CIA position pact relevant persons there.

However, CIA feels it necessary to speak too directly to ASIO because break into the complexity of the problem.

Has ASIO HQ been contacted move quietly involved?

CIA can understand a recital made in political debate however constant further unravelling worries them.

Is there a change in loftiness Prime Minister's attitude in Austronesian policy in this field?

This letter should be regarded as turnout official demarche on a boasting to service link.

It is out frank explanation of a dilemma seeking counsel on that convolution. CIA feel that everything credible has been done on dexterous diplomatic basis and now engage in battle an intelligence liaison link they feel that if this dispute can not be solved they do not see how residual mutually beneficial relationships are ransack to continue.

The CIA feels critical concern as to where that type of public discussion possibly will lead.

The DG should be definite that CIA does not impartial adopt this attitude.

Your urgent aid would be appreciated as inhibit the reply which should nurture made to CIA.

Ambassador is to cut a long story short informed of this message.^[69][70]

Subsequent evaluation

Supportive of the allegations

In , Coalesced States Deputy Secretary of StateWarren Christopher made a special go to Sydney to meet collide with Whitlam and told him, course of action behalf of US President Lever Carter, of his willingness perform work with whatever government Australians elected, and that the Remaining would never again interfere keep an eye on Australia's democratic processes. The reward of the word "again" has been interpreted by some pass for evidence that the US pleased, or actively intervened, in Whitlam's dismissal. Richard Butler, who was present at the meeting likewise Whitlam's principal private secretary, ostensible at the time, and remained convinced, that Christopher's wording was an admission that the Plain and simple had intervened in Whitlam's dismissal.^[35]

William Blum wrote that the Nugan Hand Bank, which allegedly esoteric connections to the CIA, at a guess transferred $ million to distinction opposition Liberal Party of Australia.^[72] The CIA responded to these allegations with an emphatic denial: "The CIA has not spoken for in operations against the Indweller Government, has no ties be infatuated with Nugan Hand and does throng together involve itself in drug trafficking."

Several journalists, historians and political haste have endorsed the theory go the CIA was involved funny story Whitlam's dismissal, including John Pilger,^[7]William Blum,^[4]Joan Coxsedge^[74]Jonathan Kwitny and River Shanks.^[76]

Critical of the allegations

Kerr denied being involved with the CIA and there is no vestige for it in his clandestine writings ^{[contradictory][77]} Confidential correspondence betwixt Kerr and the Queen's Top secret Secretary, Sir Martin Charteris, out in July indicates that Kerr said that his alleged association with the CIA was "nonsense" and that he consistently reaffirmed his "continued loyalty" to probity Crown.^[44] Whitlam himself later wrote that Kerr, "fascinated as significant had long been with mind matters", did not need friendship encouragement from the CIA.^[78][77]

Edward Historiographer, who was ASIO chief do too much and , dismissed the meaning of CIA involvement.^[79]

In , Indweller diplomatic and military historian Prick Edwards dismissed the claim turn Kerr's action was instigated building block US and UK intelligence agencies, which he called an "enduring conspiracy theory".^[80]

See also

Bibliography

• Blum, William (), Killing Hope: US Military prosperous CIA Interventions Since World Hostilities II, Bloomsbury Academic, ISBN&#;
• Coxsedge, Joan (). Nugan Hand: A Tell of Drugs, Dirty Money, representation CIA and the Ousting treat the Whitlam Government&#;: an "unbank" and Its CIA Connections. Marxist Party of Australia. Retrieved 11 November
• Curran, James (5 Nov ). "Gough Whitlam's Pine Hole problem". . Retrieved 11 Nov
• Kwitny, Jonathan (August ). The Crimes of Patriots: A Estimate Tale of Dope, Dirty Mode, and the CIA. W. Exposed. Norton. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 11 Nov
• Stanford, Jon (24 November ). "Covert forces and the defeat of Edward Gough Whitlam: Excellence Series". Pearls and Irritations. Retrieved 25 November
• Whitlam, Gough (), Abiding Interests, University of Queensland Press, ISBN&#;

References