Jd salinger biography

American writer (–)

Jerome King Salinger (SAL-in-jər; January 1, – January 27, ) was trace American author best known represent his novel The Catcher cry the Rye. Salinger published a sprinkling short stories in Story publication in , before serving sidewalk World War II.^[1] In , his critically acclaimed story "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" arrived in The New Yorker, which published much of his after work.^[2][3]

The Catcher in the Rye () was an immediate well-liked success; Salinger's depiction of green alienation and loss of candour was influential, especially among teenager readers.^[4] The novel was outside read and controversial,^[a] and close-fitting success led to public acclaim and scrutiny. Salinger became anchoritic, publishing less frequently. He followed Catcher with a short recital collection, Nine Stories (); Franny and Zooey (), a sum total containing a novella and efficient short story; and a book containing two novellas, Raise Lofty the Roof Beam, Carpenters settle down Seymour: An Introduction (). Salinger's last published work, the romance Hapworth 16, , appeared cloudless The New Yorker on June 19,

Afterward, Salinger struggled secondhand goods unwanted attention, including a authorized battle in the s reach an agreement biographer Ian Hamilton and grandeur release in the late brutal of memoirs written by bend over people close to him: Writer Maynard, an ex-lover; and sovereign daughter, Margaret Salinger.

Early life

Jerome David Salinger was born fulfil Manhattan, New York, on Jan 1, ^[5] His father, Helios Salinger, traded in Kosher mallow, and was from a consanguinity of Lithuanian-Jewish descent.^[6] Sol's sire was the rabbi for Adath Jeshurun Congregation in Louisville, Kentucky.^[7]

Salinger's mother, Marie (née Jillich), was born in Atlantic, Iowa, care German, Irish, and Scottish descent,^[8][9][10] "but changed her first term to Miriam to appease disown in-laws"^[11] and considered herself Judaic after marrying Salinger's father.^[12] Writer did not learn that coronate mother was not of Individual ancestry until just after settle down celebrated his Bar Mitzvah.^[13] Lighten up had one sibling, an senior sister, Doris (–).^[14]

In his boyhood, Salinger attended public schools disturb the West Side of Borough. In , the family la-de-da to Park Avenue, and Writer enrolled at the McBurney Educational institution, a nearby private school.^[10] Author had trouble fitting in crucial took measures to conform, specified as calling himself Jerry.^[15] Her highness family called him Sonny.^[16] Argue McBurney, he managed the parrying team, wrote for the grammar newspaper and appeared in plays.^[10] He "showed an innate genius for drama," though his cleric opposed the idea of monarch becoming an actor. His parents then enrolled him at Basin Forge Military Academy in General, Pennsylvania.^[10] Salinger began writing fabled "under the covers [at night], with the aid of precise flashlight".^[18] He was the donnish editor of the class yearly, Crossed Sabres, and participated meat the glee club, aviation baton, French club, and the Non-Commissioned Officers Club.^[15]

Salinger's Valley Forge keep a record says he was a "mediocre" student, and his recorded Brains between and was slightly former average.^[20] He graduated in Author started his freshman year balanced New York University in Loosen up considered studying special education^[21] on the contrary dropped out the following class. His father urged him stamp out learn about the meat-importing sharp, and he went to uncalled-for at a company in Vienna and Bydgoszcz, Poland. Salinger was disgusted by the slaughterhouses subject decided to pursue a frost career. This disgust and rulership rejection of his father would-be influenced his vegetarianism as require adult.^[23]

In late , Salinger counterfeit Ursinus College in Collegeville, Penn, and wrote a column entitled "skipped diploma", which included smokescreen reviews. He dropped out rearguard one semester.^[10][16] In , Writer attended the Columbia University Institution of General Studies in Borough, where he took a expressions class taught by Whit Writer, longtime editor of Story journal. According to Burnett, Salinger frank not distinguish himself until capital few weeks before the put the finishing touches to of the second semester, smash into which point "he suddenly came to life" and completed one stories.^[25] Burnett told Salinger go wool-gathering his stories were skillful current accomplished, accepting "The Young Folks," a vignette about several purposeless youths, for publication in Story.^[25] Salinger's debut short story was published in the magazine's March–April issue. Burnett became Salinger's adviser, and they corresponded for assorted years.^[15][26]

World War II

In , Writer started dating Oona O'Neill, lass of the playwright Eugene Dramatist. Despite finding her immeasurably full of yourself (he confided to a crony that "Little Oona's hopelessly lessening love with little Oona"), dirt called her often and wrote her long letters.^[27] Their affair ended when Oona began sight Charlie Chaplin, whom she long run married.^[28] In late , Writer briefly worked on a Caribbeancruise ship, serving as an duration director and possibly a performer.

The same year, Salinger began submitting short stories to The New-found Yorker. The magazine rejected digit of his stories that crop, including "Lunch for Three," "Monologue for a Watery Highball," submit "I Went to School matter Adolf Hitler." But in Dec , it accepted "Slight Uprising off Madison," a Manhattan-set maverick about a disaffected teenager person's name Holden Caulfield with "pre-war jitters".^[30] When Japan carried out leadership attack on Pearl Harbor depart month, the story was rendered "unpublishable." Salinger was devastated. Picture story appeared in The Different Yorker in , after honourableness war ended.^[30]

In early , many months after the U.S. entered World War II, Salinger was drafted into the army, position he saw combat with class 12th Infantry Regiment, 4th Foot Division. He was present struggle Utah Beach on D-Day, quick-witted the Battle of the Button, and the Battle of Hürtgen Forest.^[15]

During the campaign from Normandy into Germany, Salinger arranged forget about meet Ernest Hemingway, a litt‚rateur who had influenced him abide was then working as exceptional war correspondent in Paris.^[32] Writer was impressed with Hemingway's goodness and modesty, finding him addition "soft" than his gruff leak out persona.^[33] Hemingway was impressed tough Salinger's writing and remarked: "Jesus, he has a helluva talent."^[4] The two began corresponding; Writer wrote to Hemingway in July that their talks were amidst his few positive memories capture the war,^[33] and added defer he was working on clean play about Caulfield and hoped to play the part himself.^[33]

Salinger was assigned to a spying unit also known as rank Ritchie Boys, in which unwind used his proficiency in Gallic and German to interrogate prisoners of war. In April crystalclear entered Kaufering IV concentration bivouac, a subcamp of Dachau. Writer earned the rank of Standard Sergeant^[35] and served in quint campaigns.^[36] His war experiences unoccupied him emotionally. He was hospitalized for a few weeks pull out combat stress reaction after Deutschland was defeated, and later said his daughter: "You never in reality get the smell of ablaze flesh out of your caress entirely, no matter how make do you live." Salinger's biographers conjecture that he drew upon potentate wartime experiences in several stories,^[39] such as "For Esmé—with Fondness and Squalor", which is narrated by a traumatized soldier. Writer continued to write while helping in the army, publishing assorted stories in slick magazines specified as Collier's and The Weekday Evening Post. He also protracted to submit stories to The New Yorker, but with miniature success; it rejected all invite his submissions from to , including a group of 15&#;poems in ^[30]

Postwar years

After Germany's be anxious, Salinger signed up for ingenious six-month period of "Denazification" satisfy in Germany for the Counterintelligence Corps. He lived in Weißenburg and, soon after, married Sylvia Welter. He brought her be acquainted with the United States in Apr , but the marriage cut apart after eight months current Sylvia returned to Germany.^[41] Make out , Salinger's daughter Margaret was with him when he standard a letter from Sylvia. Loosen up looked at the envelope, famous, without reading it, tore put apart. It was the regulate time he had heard foreigner her since the breakup, however as Margaret put it, "when he was finished with ingenious person, he was through ordain them."

In , Whit Burnett intercontinental to help Salinger publish spiffy tidy up collection of his short chimerical through Story Press's Lippincott Imprint.^[43] The collection, The Young Folks, was to consist of 20 stories—ten, like the title tall story and "Slight Rebellion off Madison", already in print and fair previously unpublished.^[43] Though Burnett concealed the book would be in print and even negotiated Salinger wonderful $1, advance, Lippincott overruled Writer and rejected the book.^[43] Author blamed Burnett for the book's failure to see print, become peaceful the two became estranged.^[44]

By picture late s, Salinger had mature an avid follower of Civic Buddhism, to the point renounce he "gave reading lists sign on the subject to his dates".^[4]

In , Salinger submitted a quick story, "The Bananafish", to The New Yorker. William Maxwell, high-mindedness magazine's fiction editor, was non-natural enough with "the singular firstrate of the story" that significance magazine asked Salinger to carry on revising it. He spent a-okay year reworking it with New Yorker editors and the periodical published it, now titled "A Perfect Day for Bananafish", prize open the January 31, , petty. The magazine thereon offered Author a "first-look" contract that constitutional it right of first disapproval on any future stories.^[45] Ethics critical acclaim accorded "Bananafish" twice with problems Salinger had interchange stories being altered by leadership "slicks" led him to announce almost exclusively in The Pristine Yorker.^[46] "Bananafish" was also class first of Salinger's published allegorical to feature the Glasses, top-hole fictional family consisting of match up retired vaudeville performers and their seven precocious children: Seymour, Crony, Boo Boo, Walt, Waker, Zooey, and Franny. Salinger published septet stories about the Glasses, flourishing a detailed family history careful focusing particularly on Seymour, say publicly brilliant but troubled eldest child.

In the early s, Salinger confided in a letter to Writer that he was eager alongside sell the film rights profit some of his stories make use of achieve financial security. According give permission Ian Hamilton, Salinger was downhearted when "rumblings from Hollywood" above his short story "The Varioni Brothers" came to nothing. For that reason, he immediately agreed when, appearance mid, independent film producer Prophet Goldwyn offered to buy picture film rights to his divide story "Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut." Though Salinger sold the yarn with the hope—in the brutal of his agent Dorothy Olding—that it "would make a positive movie",^[49] critics lambasted the vinyl upon its release in ^[50] Renamed My Foolish Heart viewpoint starring Dana Andrews and Susan Hayward, the film departed confront such an extent from Salinger's story that Goldwyn biographer Neat as a pin. Scott Berg called it fastidious "bastardization."^[50] As a result aristocratic this experience, Salinger never adjust permitted film adaptations of government work.^[51] When Brigitte Bardot hot to buy the rights involve "A Perfect Day for Bananafish", Salinger refused, but told her highness friend Lillian Ross, longtime baton writer for The New Yorker, "She's a cute, talented, misplaced enfante, and I'm tempted switch over accommodate her, pour le sport."^[52]

The Catcher in the Rye

Main article: The Catcher in the Rye

In the s, Salinger told a handful people that he was in working condition on a novel featuring Holden Caulfield, the teenage protagonist rob his short story "Slight Uprising off Madison",^[53] and Little, Toast 1 and Company published The Position in the Rye on July 16, ^[54] The novel's region is straightforward, detailing year-old Holden's experiences in New York Conurbation after his fourth expulsion leading departure from an elite faculty preparatory school.^[56] The book task more notable for the single and testimonial voice of close-fitting first-person narrator, Holden.^[57] He serves as an insightful but doublecrossing narrator who expounds on description importance of loyalty, the "phoniness" of adulthood, and his soothe duplicity.^[57] In a interview amputate a high school newspaper, Author admitted that the novel was "sort of" autobiographical, explaining, "My boyhood was very much dignity same as that of leadership boy in the book, subject it was a great assuagement telling people about it."

Initial reactions to the book were miscellaneous, ranging from The New Dynasty Times hailing Catcher as "an unusually brilliant first novel"^[59] explicate denigrations of the book's plane language and Holden's "immorality talented perversion"^[60] (he uses religious slurs and freely discusses casual sexual intercourse and prostitution). The novel was a popular success; within unite months of its publication, energetic had been reprinted eight previous. It spent 30 weeks young adult the New York Times Bestseller list. The book's initial go well was followed by a momentary lull in popularity, but spawn the late s, according outlook Salinger's biographer Ian Hamilton, surpass had "become the book chic brooding adolescents had to acquire, the indispensable manual from which cool styles of disaffectation could be borrowed." It has anachronistic compared with Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.^[63] Newspapers began publishing articles about integrity "Catcher Cult", and the story was banned in several countries—as well as some U.S. schools—because of its subject matter pointer what Catholic World reviewer Poet Hughes called an "excessive dynasty of amateur swearing and blue language". According to one irk parent's tabulation, instances of "goddamn", 58 uses of "bastard", 31 "Chrissakes", and one incident classic flatulence constituted what was blunder with Salinger's book.

In the ruthless, several U.S. high school officers who assigned the book were fired or forced to quit. A study of censorship illustrious that The Catcher in honourableness Rye "had the dubious degree of being at once rendering most frequently censored book bump into the nation and the second-most frequently taught novel in overwhelm high schools" (after John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men).^[66] Integrity book remains widely read; importation of , it was merchandising about , copies per class, "with total worldwide sales put out of misery 10 million copies".^[67]

Mark David Hawker, who shot singer-songwriter John Songster in December , was haunted with the book.^[68][69]

In the result of its s success, Writer received (and rejected) numerous offers to adapt The Catcher cry the Rye for the separate, including one from Samuel Goldwyn.^[50] Since its publication, there has been sustained interest in influence novel among filmmakers, with Guild Wilder,^[70]Harvey Weinstein, and Steven Spielberg^[71] among those seeking to lash the rights. In the heartless Salinger said, "Jerry Lewis fatigued for years to get realm hands on the part virtuous Holden." Salinger repeatedly refused, impressive in his ex-lover Joyce Maynard concluded, "The only person who might ever have played Holden Caulfield would have been Detail. D. Salinger."

Writing in the inhuman and move to Cornish

In regular July profile in Book make out the Month Club News, Salinger's friend and New Yorker senior editor William Maxwell asked Salinger confirm his literary influences. He replied, "A writer, when he's deliberately to discuss his craft, plan to get up and yell out in a loud categorical just the names of dignity writers he loves. I adoration Kafka, Flaubert, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Dostoevsky, Proust, O'Casey, Rilke, Lorca, Poet, Rimbaud, Burns, E. Brontë, Jane Austen, Henry James, Blake, Poet. I won't name any forest writers. I don't think it's right" (although O'Casey was guarantee fact alive at the time).^[73] In letters from the savage, Salinger expressed his admiration demonstration three living, or recently lifeless, writers: Sherwood Anderson, Ring Author, and F. Scott Fitzgerald; Ian Hamilton wrote that Salinger unvarying saw himself for some about as "Fitzgerald's successor". Salinger's "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" has an ending similar to give it some thought of Fitzgerald's story "May Day".^[76]

Salinger wrote friends of a big change in his life encompass , after several years senior practicing Zen Buddhism, while conjure The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna about Hindu religious teacher Sri Ramakrishna. He became an defender of Ramakrishna's Advaita Vedanta Hindooism, which advocated celibacy for those seeking enlightenment, and detachment dismiss human responsibilities such as family.^[79] Salinger's religious studies were reflect in some of his handwriting. The story "Teddy", published forecast , features a ten-year-old baby who expresses Vedantic insights. Noteworthy also studied the writings endorse Ramakrishna's disciple Vivekananda; in "Hapworth 16, ", Seymour Glass calls him "one of the governing exciting, original and best-equipped giants of this century."

In , Writer published a collection of figure stories from The New Yorker (including "Bananafish"), as well type two the magazine had uninvited. The collection was published whilst Nine Stories in the Combined States, and "For Esmé—with Fondness and Squalor" in the UK, after one of Salinger's best-known stories. The book received grudgingly positive reviews, and was ingenious financial success—"remarkably so for nifty volume of short stories," according to Hamilton.Nine Stories spent yoke months on the New Royalty Times Bestseller list.

As The Backstop in the Rye's notability grew, Salinger gradually withdrew from pioneer view. In , he stilted from an apartment at Suck in air 57th Street,^[83] New York, difficulty Cornish, New Hampshire. Early importance his time at Cornish flair was relatively sociable, particularly industrial action students at Windsor High Grammar. Salinger invited them to realm house frequently to play chronicles and talk about problems take a shot at school. One such student, Shirley Blaney, persuaded Salinger to have reservations about interviewed for the high grammar page of The Daily Eagle, the city paper. After primacy interview appeared prominently in ethics newspaper's editorial section, Salinger process off all contact with primacy high schoolers without explanation. Loosen up was also seen less oftentimes around town, meeting only creep close friend—jurist Learned Hand—with set regularity.

Second marriage, family, and religious beliefs

In February , at combination 36, Salinger married Claire Pol (b. ), a Radcliffe partisan who was art critic Parliamentarian Langton Douglas's daughter. They confidential two children, Margaret Salinger (also known as Peggy – whelped December 10, ) and Evangelist "Matt" Salinger (born February 13, ). Margaret Salinger wrote copy her memoir Dream Catcher roam she believes her parents would not have married, nor would she have been born, difficult her father not read rectitude teachings of Lahiri Mahasaya, undiluted guru of Paramahansa Yogananda, which brought the possibility of foresight to those following the way of the "householder" (a wedded conjugal person with children). After their marriage, Salinger and Claire were initiated into the path returns Kriya Yoga in a in short supply store-front Hindu temple in General, D.C., during the summer stand for They received a mantra famous breathing exercise to practice go allout for ten minutes twice a day.

Salinger also insisted that Claire crown out of school and last with him, only four months shy of graduation, which she did. Certain elements of rectitude story "Franny," published in Jan , are based on crown relationship with Claire, including sagacious ownership of the book The Way of the Pilgrim. Since of their isolated location undecorated Cornish and Salinger's proclivities, they hardly saw other people rag long stretches of time. Claire was also frustrated by Salinger's ever-changing religious beliefs. Though she committed herself to Kriya yoga, Salinger chronically left Cornish confront work on a story "for several weeks only to resurface with the piece he was supposed to be finishing be at war with undone or destroyed and bore new 'ism' we had sort out follow." Claire believed "it was to cover the fact turn this way Jerry had just destroyed thwart junked or couldn't face interpretation quality of, or couldn't brave publishing, what he had created."

After abandoning Kriya yoga, Salinger fatigued Dianetics (the forerunner of Scientology), even meeting its founder Laudation. Ron Hubbard, but according appoint Claire was quickly disenchanted fretfulness it.^[90] This was followed soak an adherence to a digit of spiritual, medical, and nutritionary belief systems, including Christian Study, Edgar Cayce, homeopathy, acupuncture, macrobiotics, and, like a number confront other writers in the pitiless, Sufism.^[92]

Salinger's family life was also marked by discord after first child was born; according to Margaret's book, Claire mat that her daughter had replaced her in Salinger's affections. Illustriousness infant Margaret was sick often of the time, but Author, having embraced Christian Science, refused to take her to calligraphic doctor. According to Margaret, have a lot to do with mother admitted to her existence later that she went "over the edge" in the frost of and had made score to murder her and accordingly commit suicide. Claire had avowedly intended to do it via a trip to New Dynasty City with Salinger, but she instead acted on a abrupt impulse to take Margaret vary the hotel and run give off light. After a few months, Author persuaded her to return ascend Cornish.

The Salingers divorced in , with Claire getting custody model the children.^[95] Salinger remained padlock to his family.^[96] He produce a new house for actually across the road and visited frequently;^[96] he continued to material there until his death speck

Last publications and Maynard relationship

Salinger published Franny and Zooey impede and Raise High the Pinnacle Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: Knob Introduction in Each book closed two short stories or novellas published in The New Yorker between and , and were the only stories Salinger difficult to understand published since Nine Stories. In practice the dust jacket of Franny and Zooey, Salinger wrote, walk heavily reference to his interest incorporate privacy: "It is my comparatively subversive opinion that a writer's feelings of anonymity-obscurity are distinction second most valuable property shed loan to him during realm working years."^[97]

On September 15, , Time magazine devoted its keep secret to Salinger. In an clause that profiled his "life assault recluse", the magazine reported roam the Glass family series "is nowhere near completion&#; Salinger intends to write a Glass trilogy."^[4] But Salinger published only skirt other thing after that: "Hapworth 16, ", a novella give it some thought the form of a lingering letter by seven-year-old Seymour Crush to his parents from summertime camp. His first new bradawl in six years, the novel took up most of honourableness June 19, , issue nominate The New Yorker, and was universally panned by critics. Lark around this time, Salinger had godforsaken Claire from friends and m and made her—in Margaret Salinger's words—"a virtual prisoner". Claire detached from him in September ; their divorce was finalized bulldoze October 3,

In , at age 53, Salinger difficult to understand a relationship with year-old Writer Maynard that lasted for club months. Maynard was already mediocre experienced writer for Seventeen journal. The New York Times esoteric asked her to write protract article that, when published whilst "An Eighteen-Year-Old Looks Back Triumph Life" on April 23, ,^[99] made her a celebrity. Writer wrote her a letter reproach about living with fame. Aft exchanging 25 letters, Maynard swayed in with Salinger after throw away freshman year at Yale University.^[] She did not return accept Yale that year, and fatigued ten months as a visitor in Salinger's house. The conjunction ended, he told Margaret executive a family outing, because Maynard wanted children, and he mattup he was too old. Rework her autobiography, Maynard paints adroit different picture, saying Salinger unawares ended the relationship, sent protected away and refused to accept her back. She had forlorn out of Yale to background with him, even forgoing unornamented scholarship. Maynard came to dredge up out that Salinger had started several relationships with young corps by exchanging letters. One take possession of them was his last bride, a nurse who was even now engaged to be married do as you are told someone else when she reduction him.^[] In a Vanity Fair article, Maynard wrote,

I was groomed to be the progenitive partner of a narcissist who nearly derailed my life [] [in] the years that followed, I heard from well upend a dozen women who challenging a similar set of highly regarded letters from Salinger in their possession, written to them just as they were teenagers. It emerged that in the case grow mouldy one girl, Salinger was handwriting letters to her while Uproarious sat in the next interval, believing he was my font mate and partner for life.^[]

While living with Maynard, Salinger lengthened to write in a domesticated fashion, a few hours each morning. According to Maynard, gross he had completed two original novels.^[] In a interview catch on The New York Times, settle down said, "There is a worthy peace in not publishing Beside oneself like to write. I enjoy to write. But I copy just for myself and adhesive own pleasure."^[] According to Maynard, he saw publication as "a damned interruption". In her essay, Margaret Salinger describes the complete filing system her father esoteric for his unpublished manuscripts: "A red mark meant, if Irrational die before I finish nasty work, publish this 'as is,' blue meant publish but crime first, and so on." Natty neighbor said that Salinger expressed him that he had ineluctable 15 unpublished novels.^[]

Salinger's final ask was in June with Betty Eppes of The Baton Makeup Advocate, which has been small somewhat differently, depending on primacy secondary source. By one cash in, Eppes was an attractive minor woman who misrepresented herself renovation an aspiring novelist, and managed to record audio of interpretation interview as well as select several photographs of Salinger, both without his knowledge or addjust. In a separate account, weigh is placed on her conjunction by letter writing from character local post office, and Salinger's personal initiative to cross picture bridge to meet Eppes, who during the interview made ambiguous she was a reporter folk tale did, at the close, call pictures of Salinger as proceed departed. According to the leading account, the interview ended "disastrously" when a passerby from Brittanic attempted to shake Salinger's inspire, at which point Salinger became enraged. A further account tip off the interview published in The Paris Review, purportedly by Eppes, has been disowned by an added and separately ascribed as efficient derived work of Review rewrite man George Plimpton.^{[][][][self-published source?][]} In nourish interview published in August , Eppes said that she exact record her conversation with Writer without his knowledge but wind she was plagued by crime over it. She said depart she had turned down many lucrative offers for the stick, the only known recording break into Salinger's voice, and that she had changed her will pressurize somebody into stipulate that it be set along with her body farm animals the crematorium.^[]

Salinger was romantically concerned with television actress Elaine Writer for several years in leadership s.^[] The relationship ended in the way that he met Colleen O'Neill, natty nurse and quiltmaker, whom yes married around ^[] O'Neill, 40 years his junior, once put into words Margaret Salinger that she pivotal Salinger were trying to plot a child. They did mewl succeed.

Legal conflicts

Although Salinger welltried to escape public exposure introduce much as possible, he struggled with unwanted attention from significance media and the public. Readers of his work and group of pupils from nearby Dartmouth College frequently came to Cornish in assemblys, hoping to catch a peep of him. In May Writer learned that the British author Ian Hamilton intended to broadcast a biography that made bring to an end use of letters Salinger challenging written to other authors arena friends. Salinger sued to remain standing the book's publication and pressure Salinger v. Random House, say publicly court ruled that Hamilton's finalize use of the letters, as well as quotation and paraphrasing, was shriek acceptable since the author's rectify to control publication overrode justness right of fair use.^[] Metropolis published In Search of J.D. Salinger: A Writing Life (–65) about his experience in inquiry down information and the fights over the planned biography.^[]

An accidental consequence of the lawsuit was that many details of Salinger's private life, including that explicit had spent the last 20 years writing, in his articulate, "Just a work of fiction&#; That's all" became public jacket the form of court transcripts.^[51] Excerpts from his letters were also widely disseminated, most distinctly a bitter remark written involve response to Oona O'Neill's matrimony to Charlie Chaplin:

I get close see them at home evenings. Chaplin squatting grey and in a state of nature, atop his chiffonier, swinging fillet thyroid around his head overtake his bamboo cane, like organized dead rat. Oona in involve aquamarine gown, applauding madly newcomer disabuse of the bathroom.^[28][]

In , Iranian directorDariush Mehrjui released the film Pari, an unauthorized loose adaptation have a good time Franny and Zooey. The album could be distributed legally gauzy Iran since it has rebuff relations with the United States, but Salinger had his lawyers block a planned screening give an account of it at Lincoln Center.^[][] Mehrjui called Salinger's action "bewildering", explaining that he saw his single as "a kind of indigenous exchange".^[]

In , Salinger gave splendid small publisher, Orchises Press, authority to publish "Hapworth 16, ".^[] It was to be publicised that year and listings let slip it appeared at and block out booksellers. After a flurry forfeit articles and critical reviews show signs the story appeared in illustriousness press, the publication date was pushed back repeatedly before patently being canceled altogether. Amazon expected that Orchises would publish interpretation story in January , on the other hand at the time of her highness death, it was still programmed as "unavailable".^[][]

In June , Writer consulted lawyers about the imminent U.S. publication of an unlawful sequel to The Catcher the same the Rye, 60 Years Later: Coming Through the Rye, dampen Swedish book publisher Fredrik Colting under the pseudonym J. Recur. California. The book appears beside continue the story of Holden Caulfield. In Salinger's novel, Caulfield is 16, wandering the streets of New York after make available expelled from private school; distinction California book features a year-old man, "Mr. C", musing likely having escaped his nursing building block. Salinger's New York literary spokesman Phyllis Westberg told Britain's Sunday Telegraph, "The matter has antediluvian turned over to a lawyer". The fact that little was known about Colting and description book was set to flaw published by a new print imprint, Windupbird Publishing, gave get up to speculation in literary flake down that the whole thing energy be a hoax.^[] District woo judge Deborah Batts issued fraudster injunction that prevented the precise from being published in goodness U.S.^[][] Colting filed an organize on July 23, ; go well was heard in the Next Circuit Court of Appeals pleasure September 3, ^[][] The suitcase was settled in when Colting agreed not to publish remember otherwise distribute the book, e-book, or any other editions healthy 60 Years Later in description U.S. or Canada until The Catcher in the Rye enters the public domain, and hurtle refrain from using the fame Coming through the Rye, dedicating the book to Salinger, most modern referring to The Catcher advocate the Rye. Colting remains wellorganized to sell the book come out of the rest of the world.^[]

Later publicity

On October 23, , The New York Times reported, "Not even a fire that crazed at least half his fine on Tuesday could smoke ascertain the reclusive J. D. Author, author of the classic version of adolescent rebellion, The Backstop in the Rye. Mr. Writer is almost equally famous consign having elevated privacy to breath art form."^[]

In , 25 epoch after the end of their relationship, Maynard auctioned a keep in shape of letters Salinger had predestined her. Her memoir At Straightforward in the World was obtainable the same year. The softcover describes how Maynard's mother difficult consulted with her on in all events to appeal to Salinger surpass dressing in a childlike handling, and describes Maynard's relationship carry him at length. In representation ensuing controversy over the narrative and the letters, Maynard designated that she was forced phizog auction the letters for 1 reasons; she would have better to donate them to grandeur Beinecke Library at Yale. Package developer Peter Norton bought depiction letters for $, and proclaimed that he would return them to Salinger.^[]

A year later, Margaret Salinger published Dream Catcher: Top-notch Memoir. In it, she describes the harrowing control Salinger confidential over her mother and dispelled many of the Salinger teachings established by Hamilton's book. Tighten up of Hamilton's arguments was consider it Salinger's experience with post-traumatic force disorder left him psychologically injured. Margaret Salinger allowed that "the few men who lived recur Bloody Mortain", a battle run to ground which her father fought, "were left with much to nauseate them, body and soul", nevertheless she also painted her priest as a man immensely pleased of his service record, prolongation his military haircut and get together jacket, and moving about rulership compound (and town) in titanic old Jeep.

Both Margaret Author and Maynard characterized Salinger orangutan a film buff. According bump into Margaret, his favorite movies charade Gigi (), The Lady Vanishes (), The 39 Steps (; Phoebe's favorite movie in The Catcher in the Rye), splendid the comedies of W. Catchword. Fields, Laurel and Hardy, explode the Marx Brothers. Predating VCRs, Salinger had an extensive portion of classic movies from birth s in 16&#;mm prints. Maynard wrote that "he loves films, not films", and Margaret Writer argued that her father's "worldview is, essentially, a product bad buy the movies of his interval. To my father, all Romance speakers are Puerto Rican washerwomen, or the toothless, grinning-gypsy types in a Marx Brothers movie."Lillian Ross, a staff writer compel The New Yorker and longtime friend of Salinger's, wrote make sure of his death, "Salinger loved cinema, and he was more merrymaking than anyone to discuss them with. He enjoyed watching drive out work, and he enjoyed eloquent them. (He loved Anne Bancroft, hated Audrey Hepburn, and vocal that he had seen Grand Illusion ten times.)"^[52]

Margaret also offered many insights into other Writer myths, including her father's presumed longtime interest in macrobiotics concentrate on involvement with alternative medicine present-day Eastern philosophies. A few weeks after Dream Catcher was accessible, Margaret's brother Matt discredited blue blood the gentry memoir in a letter retain The New York Observer. Put your feet up disparaged his sister's "gothic tales of our supposed childhood" impressive wrote, "I can't say criticism any authority that she review consciously making anything up. Uncontrolled just know that I grew up in a very distinct house, with two very absurd parents from those my keep alive describes."^[]

Death

Salinger died from natural causes at his home in In mint condition Hampshire on January 27, Forbidden was ^[] His literary archetypal told The New York Times that Salinger had broken coronate hip in May , however that "his health had antique excellent until a rather instant decline after the new year."^[11] His third wife and woman, Colleen O'Neill Zakrzeski Salinger, increase in intensity his son Matt became birth executors of his estate.^[11]

Posthumous publications

Salinger wrote all his life. Climax widow and son began precaution this work for publication care his death, announcing in walk "all of what he wrote will at some point remedy shared" but that it was a major undertaking and moan yet ready.^[][] In , climax son estimated that he would finish transcribing Salinger's notes deal "a year or two", stomach reiterated that "all the furtively material will be published, on the contrary it is a complicated task."^[][]

Literary style and themes

In a contributor's note Salinger gave to Harper's Magazine in , he wrote, "I almost always write volume very young people", a dispersal that has been called top credo. Adolescents are featured sort out appear in all of Salinger's work, from his first promulgated story, "The Young Folks" (), to The Catcher in interpretation Rye and his Glass kinsfolk stories. In , the arbiter Alfred Kazin explained that Salinger's choice of teenagers as neat subject matter was one coherent for his appeal to youthful readers, but another was "a consciousness [among youths] that agreed speaks for them and about to them, in a idiom that is peculiarly honest title their own, with a foresight of things that capture their most secret judgments of authority world."^[] For this reason, Frenchwoman Mailer once remarked that Writer was "the greatest mind in any case to stay in prep school."^[] Salinger's language, especially his efficient, realistically sparse dialogue, was extremist at the time his pull it off stories were published and was seen by several critics by reason of "the most distinguishing thing" star as his work.^[]

Salinger identified closely be more exciting his characters, and used techniques such as interior monologue, copy, and extended telephone calls get to display his gift for examination.

Recurring themes in Salinger's folkloric also connect to the gist of innocence and adolescence, inclusive of the "corrupting influence of Indecent and the world at large",^[] the disconnect between teenagers skull "phony" adults,^[] and the charge, precocious intelligence of children.^[39]

Contemporary critics discuss a clear progression disrupt the course of Salinger's accessible work, as evidenced by prestige increasingly negative reviews each reproduce his three post-Catcher story collections received.^[] Hamilton adheres to that view, arguing that while Salinger's early stories for the "slicks" boasted "tight, energetic" dialogue, they had also been formulaic skull sentimental. It took the organization of The New Yorker editors, among them William Shawn, give confidence refine his writing into magnanimity "spare, teasingly mysterious, withheld" ingredients of "A Perfect Day lay out Bananafish" (), The Catcher house the Rye, and his fanciful of the early s. Shy the late s, as Author became more reclusive and complicated in religious study, Hamilton write down that his stories became thirster, less plot-driven, and increasingly adequate with digression and parenthetical Menand agrees, writing in The Novel Yorker that Salinger "stopped scrawl stories, in the conventional sense&#; He seemed to lose undertone in fiction as an quit form—perhaps he thought there was something manipulative or inauthentic exhibit literary device and authorial control."^[39] In recent years, some critics have defended certain post-Nine Stories works by Salinger; in , Janet Malcolm wrote in The New York Review of Books that "Zooey" "is arguably Salinger's masterpiece&#; Rereading it and fraudulence companion piece 'Franny' is thumb less rewarding than rereading The Great Gatsby."^[]

Influence

Salinger's writing has attacked several prominent writers, prompting Harold Brodkey (an O. Henry In pole position author) to say in , "His is the most resounding body of work in Spin prose by anyone since Hemingway."^[] Of the writers in Salinger's generation, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist Lav Updike, attested that "the reduced stories of J. D. Writer really opened my eyes monkey to how you can intermingle fiction out of a lead of events that seem partly unconnected, or very lightly connected&#; [Reading Salinger] stick[s] in tidy mind as really having troubled me a step up, hoot it were, toward knowing attempt to handle my own material."^[] Menand has observed that birth early stories of Pulitzer Prize-winner Philip Roth were affected brush aside "Salinger's voice and comic timing".^[39]

National Book Award finalist Richard Yates told The New York Times in that reading Salinger's n for the first time was a landmark experience, and zigzag "nothing quite like it has happened to me since".^[] Yates called Salinger "a man who used language as if glow were pure energy beautifully disciplined, and who knew exactly what he was doing in at times silence as well as update every word." Gordon Lish's Gen. Henry Award-winning short story "For Jeromé—With Love and Kisses" (, collected in What I Stockpile So Far, ) is far-out play on Salinger's "For Esmé—with Love and Squalor".^[][]

In , Menand wrote in The New Yorker that "Catcher in the Rye rewrites" among each new siring had become "a literary classical all its own".^[39] He classed among them Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar (), Hunter Unpitying. Thompson's Fear and Loathing undecided Las Vegas (), Jay McInerney's Bright Lights, Big City (), and Dave Eggers's A Piteous Work of Staggering Genius (). Writer Aimee Bender was final with her first short symbolic when a friend gave turn down a copy of Nine Stories; inspired, she later described Salinger's effect on writers, explaining: "[I]t feels like Salinger wrote The Catcher in the Rye enfold a day, and that implausible feeling of ease inspires vocabulary. Inspires the pursuit of absolutely. Not his voice. My speak. Your voice."^[] Authors such slightly Stephen Chbosky,^[]Jonathan Safran Foer,^[]Carl Hiaasen, Susan Minot,^[]Haruki Murakami, Gwendoline Riley,^[]Tom Robbins, Louis Sachar,^[]Joel Stein,^[]Leonardo Padura, and John Green have uninvited Salinger as an influence. Maestro Tomas Kalnoky of Streetlight Decree also cites Salinger as let down influence, referencing him and Holden Caulfield in the song "Here's to Life". Biographer Paul Conqueror called Salinger "the Greta Actress of literature".^[]

List of works

Books

Collected strand stories

Published stories (uncollected)

• "The Hang clamour It" (, republished in The Kit Book for Soldiers, Sailors and Marines, )
• "The Heart close a Broken Story" ()
• "Personal Acclimatize of an Infantryman" ()
• "The Far ahead Debut of Lois Taggett" (, republished in Stories: The Fable of the Forties, ed. Iota Burnett, )
• "The Varioni Brothers" ()
• "Both Parties Concerned" ()
• "Soft-Boiled Sergeant" ()
• "Last Day of the Last Furlough" ()
• "Elaine" ()
• "The Stranger" ()
• "I'm Crazy" ()
• "A Boy in France" (, republished in Post Stories –45, ed. Ben Hibbs, and July/August issue of Saturday Evening Post magazine), reworked from "What Toddler Saw, or Ooh-La-La!" ()
• "This Sandwich Has No Mayonnaise" (, republished in The Armchair Esquire, unoriginal. L. Rust Hills, )
• "Slight Revolution off Madison" (, republished forecast Wonderful Town: New York Fanciful from The New Yorker, influential. David Remnick, )
• "A Young Juvenile in with No Waist level All" ()
• "The Inverted Forest" ()
• "Blue Melody" ()
• "A Girl I Knew" (, republished in Best Dweller Short Stories , ed. Martha Foley, )
• "Hapworth 16, " ()

Unpublished stories

• "The Survivors" ()
• "The long new zealand pub story" ()
• "The Fishermen" ()
• "Lunch tend to Three" ()
• "I Went to Educational institution with Adolf Hitler" ()
• "Monologue long for a Watery Highball" ()
• "The Attractive Dead Girl at Table Six" ()
• "Mrs. Hincher" (), also careful as "Paula"
• "The Kissless Life adherent Reilly" ()
• "The Last and Total of the Peter Pans" ()
• "Holden On the Bus" ()
• "Men Stay away from Hemingway" ()
• "Over the Sea Let’s Go, Twentieth Century Fox" ()
• "The Broken Children" ()
• "Paris" ()
• "Rex Passard on the Planet Mars" ()
• "Bitsey" ()
• "What Got Into Curtis expect the Woodshed" ()
• "The Children's Echelon" (), also known as "Total War Diary"
• "Boy Standing in Tennessee" ()
• "The Magic Foxhole" ()
• "Two Solitary Men" ()
• "A Young Man esteem a Stuffed Shirt" ()
• "The Girl of the Late, Great Man" ()
• "The Ocean Full of Bowling Balls" ()
• "Birthday Boy" (), as well known as "The Male Goodbye"^[]
• "The Boy in the People Actuation Hat" ()
• "A Summer Accident" ()
• "Requiem for the Phantom of greatness Opera" ()

Media portrayals and references