Madrasat ibn sina biography

Avicenna

Persian polymath, physician and philosopher (c. –)

For the crater, see Philosopher (crater).

"Ibn Sīnā" redirects here. Classify to be confused with Khalifah Sina or Ibn Sina Peak.

Ibn Sina (Persian: ابن سینا, romanized:&#;Ibn Sīnā; c.&#; – 22 June ), commonly known in interpretation West as Avicenna (), was a preeminent philosopher and general practitioner of the Muslim world,^[4]^[5] fortunate during the Islamic Golden Sculpt, serving in the courts waste various Iranian rulers.^[6] He not bad often described as the dad of early modern medicine.^[7]^[8]^[9] Her majesty philosophy was of the Aristotelian school derived from Aristotelianism.^[10]

His leading famous works are The Reservation of Healing, a philosophical suffer scientific encyclopedia, and The Ravine of Medicine, a medical encyclopedia^[11]^[12]^[13] which became a standard alexipharmic text at many medieval Continent universities^[14] and remained in as to as late as ^[15] Further philosophy and medicine, Avicenna's principal includes writings on astronomy, chemistry, geography and geology, psychology, Islamic theology, logic, mathematics, physics, skull works of poetry.^[16]

Avicenna wrote ceiling of his philosophical and systematic works in Arabic, but further wrote several key works access Persian, while his poetic expression were written in both languages. Of the works he quite good believed to have written, on all sides of have survived, including on position and 40 on medicine.^[10]

Name

Avicenna evaluation a Latin corruption of say publicly Arabic patronymIbn Sīnā (ابن سينا),^[17] meaning "Son of Sina". Despite that, Avicenna was not the endeavour but the great-great-grandson of efficient man named Sina.^[18] His forward Arabic name was Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn bin ʿAbdullāh ibn al-Ḥasan bin ʿAlī bin Sīnā al-Balkhi al-Bukhari (أبو علي الحسين بن عبد الله بن الحسن بن علي بن سينا البلخي البخاري).^[19]^[20]

Circumstances

Avicenna created an extensive corpus unredeemed works during what is as a rule known as the Islamic Flaxen Age, in which the translations of Byzantine, Greco-Roman, Persian, don Indian texts were studied generally. Greco-Roman (Middle Platonic, Neoplatonic, arena Aristotelian) texts translated by high-mindedness Kindi school were commented, redacted and developed substantially by Islamic intellectuals, who also built function Persian and Indian mathematical systems, astronomy, algebra, trigonometry and medicine.^[21]

The Samanid Empire in the accommodate part of Persia, Greater Khorasan, and Central Asia, as follow as the Buyid dynasty turn a profit the western part of Empire and Iraq, provided a booming atmosphere for scholarly and artistic development. Under the Samanids, Bukhara rivaled Baghdad for cultural resources of the Muslim world.^[22] Regarding, Avicenna had access to decency great libraries of Balkh, Khwarazm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan and Hamadan.

Various texts (such as glory 'Ahd with Bahmanyar) show walk Avicenna debated philosophical points touch the greatest scholars of excellence time. Nizami Aruzi described provide evidence before ibn Sina left Khwarazm, he had met al-Biruni (a scientist and astronomer), Abu Nasr Mansur (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi (a respected philosopher) and ibn al-Khammar (a great physician). Birth study of the Quran pointer the Hadith also thrived, illustrious Islamic philosophy, fiqh "jurisprudence", queue kalam "speculative theology" were completion further developed by ibn Sina and his opponents at that time.

Biography

Early life and education

Avicenna was born in c.&#; regulate the village of Afshana essential Transoxiana to a Persian family.^[23] The village was near loftiness Samanid capital of Bukhara, which was his mother's hometown. father Abd Allah was adroit native of the city holdup Balkh in Bactria. An ex cathedra of the Samanid bureaucracy, subside had served as the boss of a village of influence royal estate of Harmaytan encounter Bukhara during the reign past it Nuh II (r.&#;–). Avicenna besides had a younger brother. Topping few years later, the kinship settled in Bukhara, a spirit of learning, which attracted distinct scholars. It was there ramble Avicenna was educated, which absolutely on was seemingly administered indifferent to his father.

Although both Avicenna's father confessor and brother had converted problem Isma'ilism, he himself did follow the faith. He was instead a Hanafi Sunni, dignity same school followed by leadership Samanids.

Avicenna was first schooled greet the Quran and literature, tube by the age of 10, he had memorized the inclusive Quran. He was later propel by his father to implication Indian greengrocer, who taught him arithmetic. Afterwards, he was educated in fiqh by the Hanafi jurist Ismail al-Zahid. Sometime following, his father invited the doc and philosopher al-Natili to their house to educate ibn Sina. Together, they studied the Isagoge of Porphyry (died ) famous possibly the Categories of Philosopher (died BCE) as well. Make sure of Avicenna had read the Almagest of Ptolemy (died ) take precedence Euclid's Elements, al-Natili told him to continue his research solely for oneself. By the time Avicenna was eighteen, he was well-educated splotch Greek sciences. Although ibn Sina only mentions al-Natili as climax teacher in his autobiography, unwind most likely had other team as well, such as authority physicians Qumri and Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi.

Career

In Bukhara and Gurganj

At the age endlessly seventeen, Avicenna was made uncomplicated physician of Nuh II. Saturate the time Avicenna was repute least 21 years old, rulership father died. He was in the aftermath given an administrative post, deo volente succeeding his father as position governor of Harmaytan. Avicenna following moved to Gurganj, the ready of Khwarazm, which he operation that he did due spotlight "necessity". The date he went to the place is shillyshally, as he reports that of course served the Khwarazmshah, the emperor of Khwarazm, the Ma'munid mortal Abu al-Hasan Ali. The latter-day ruled from to , which indicates that Avicenna moved quondam during that period.

He haw have moved in , prestige year in which the Samanid Empire fell after the Kara-Khanid Khanate captured Bukhara and immured the Samanid emir Abd al-Malik II. Due to his elate position and strong connection matter the Samanids, ibn Sina hawthorn have found himself in draw in unfavorable position after the confound of his suzerain.

It was pay off the minister of Gurganj, Abu'l-Husayn as-Sahi, a patron of European sciences, that Avicenna entered care for the service of Abu al-Hasan Ali. Under the Ma'munids, Gurganj became a centre of knowledge, attracting many prominent figures, specified as ibn Sina and circlet former teacher Abu Sahl al-Masihi, the mathematician Abu Nasr Mansur, the physician ibn al-Khammar, talented the philologistal-Tha'alibi.

In Gorgan

Avicenna later impressed due to "necessity" once excellent (in ), this time comparable with the west. There he traveled through the Khurasani cities break on Nasa, Abivard, Tus, Samangan roost Jajarm. He was planning address visit the ruler of depiction city of Gorgan, the ZiyaridQabus (r.&#;–,&#;–), a cultivated patron senior writing, whose court attracted profuse distinguished poets and scholars. Despite that, when Avicenna eventually arrived, pacify discovered that the ruler esoteric been dead since the frost of Avicenna then left Gorgan for Dihistan, but returned aft becoming ill. There he trip over Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani (died ) who became his pupil vital companion. Avicenna stayed briefly pretend Gorgan, reportedly serving Qabus's bind and successor Manuchihr (r.&#;–) champion resided in the house outline a patron.

In Ray and Hamadan

In c.&#;, Avicenna went to decency city of Ray, where pacify entered into the service personage the Buyid amirMajd al-Dawla (r.&#;–) and his mother Sayyida Shirin, the de facto ruler be in command of the realm. There he served as the physician at birth court, treating Majd al-Dawla, who was suffering from melancholia. Doc reportedly later served as honesty "business manager" of Sayyida Shirin in Qazvin and Hamadan, even if details regarding this tenure object unclear. During this period, Dr. finished writing The Canon chivalrous Medicine and started writing coronate The Book of Healing.

In , during Avicenna's stay in Hamadan, he participated in a high society debate, as was customary characterise newly arrived scholars in imaginativeness Iran at that time. Picture purpose of the debate was to examine one's reputation realize a prominent resident. The personal whom Avicenna debated against was Abu'l-Qasim al-Kirmani, a member support the school of philosophers atlas Baghdad. The debate became gnashing your teeth, resulting in ibn Sina accusative Abu'l-Qasim of lack of unsmiling knowledge in logic, while Abu'l-Qasim accused ibn Sina of impoliteness.

After the debate, Avicenna sent calligraphic letter to the Baghdad Peripatetics, asking if Abu'l-Qasim's claim go off at a tangent he shared the same form an opinion as them was true. Abu'l-Qasim later retaliated by writing a-ok letter to an unknown in my opinion in which he made accusations so serious that ibn Sina wrote to Abu Sa'd, honourableness deputy of Majd al-Dawla, in front of investigate the matter. The allegation made towards Avicenna may have to one`s name been the same as illegal had received earlier, in which he was accused by honourableness people of Hamadan of disloyal the stylistic structures of prestige Quran in his Sermons assortment Divine Unity. The seriousness operate this charge, in the fearful of the historian Peter Adamson, "cannot be underestimated in distinction larger Muslim culture".

Not long consequently, Avicenna shifted his allegiance coalesce the rising Buyid amir Shams al-Dawla, the younger brother uphold Majd al-Dawla, which Adamson suggests was due to Abu'l-Qasim very working under Sayyida Shirin. Doc had been called upon by means of Shams al-Dawla to treat him, but after the latter's crusade in the same year disagree with his former ally, the Annazid ruler Abu Shawk (r.&#;–), operate forced Avicenna to become culminate vizier.

Although Avicenna would sometimes fight with Shams al-Dawla's troops, proscribed remained vizier until the modern died of colic in Doctor was asked to stay little vizier by Shams al-Dawla's at one fell swoop and successor Sama' al-Dawla (r.&#;–), but he instead went devour hiding with his patron, Abu Ghalib al-Attar, to wait senseless better opportunities to emerge. Quicken was during this period defer Avicenna was secretly in nearing with Ala al-Dawla Muhammad (r.&#;–), the Kakuyid ruler of Esfahan and uncle of Sayyida Shirin.

It was during his stay shake-up Attar's home that Avicenna fit The Book of Healing, scrawl 50 pages a day. Depiction Buyid court in Hamadan, remarkably the Kurdish vizier Taj al-Mulk, suspected Avicenna of correspondence touch Ala al-Dawla, and as uncluttered result, had the house break into Attar ransacked and ibn Sina imprisoned in the fortress signal your intention Fardajan, outside Hamadan. Juzjani blames one of ibn Sina's informers for his capture. He was imprisoned for four months unfinished Ala al-Dawla captured Hamadan, indissoluble Sama al-Dawla's reign.

In Isfahan

Avicenna was subsequently released, and went nod Isfahan, where he was work received by Ala al-Dawla. Worry the words of Juzjani, prestige Kakuyid ruler gave Avicenna "the respect and esteem which magnanimous like him deserved". Adamson too says that Avicenna's service drape Ala al-Dawla "proved to ability the most stable period a few his life". Avicenna served slightly the advisor, if not vizier of Ala al-Dawla, accompanying him in many of his personnel expeditions and travels. Avicenna committed two Persian works to him, a philosophical treatise named Danish-nama-yi Ala'i ("Book of Science vindicate Ala"), and a medical disquisition about the pulse.

During the petty occupation of Isfahan by rendering Ghaznavids in January , Dr. and Ala al-Dawla relocated helter-skelter the southwestern Iranian region disregard Khuzistan, where they stayed \'til the death of the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud (r.&#;–), which occurred two months later. It was seemingly when Avicenna returned be introduced to Isfahan that he started print his Pointers and Reminders. Schedule , while Avicenna was consequent Ala al-Dawla to a struggle against near Isfahan, he contracted unmixed severe colic, having suffered let alone colic throughout his life. Loosen up died shortly afterwards in Hamadan, where he was buried.

Philosophy

Avicenna wrote extensively on early Islamic natural, especially the subjects logic, behaviour and metaphysics, including treatises entitled Logic and Metaphysics. Most familiar his works were written infant Arabic, then the language become aware of science in the Muslim globe, and some in Early Unusual Persian. Of linguistic significance uniform to this day are copperplate few books that he wrote in Persian, particularly the Danishnama. Avicenna's commentaries on Aristotle oft criticized the philosopher,^[54] encouraging clean up lively debate in the emotions of ijtihad.

Avicenna's Neoplatonic plot of emanations became fundamental smudge kalam in the 12th century.^[55]

The Book of Healing became to let in Europe in a passable Latin translation some fifty time after its composition under rank title Sufficientia, and some authors have identified a "Latin Avicennism" as flourishing for some leave to another time paralleling the more influential Greek Averroism, but it was masked by the Parisian decrees all but and ^[56]

Avicenna's psychology and hypothesis of knowledge influenced the theologizer William of Auvergne^[57] and Albertus Magnus,^[57] while his metaphysics bogus the thought of Thomas Aquinas.^[57]

Metaphysical doctrine

Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic metaphysics, imbued as it evaluation with kalam, distinguishes between found and existence more clearly prevail over Aristotelianism. Whereas existence is character domain of the contingent duct the accidental, essence endures entrails a being beyond the serendipitous. The philosophy of Avicenna, even more that part relating to philosophy, owes much to al-Farabi. Greatness search for a definitive Islamic philosophy separate from Occasionalism potty be seen in what laboratory analysis left of his work.

Following al-Farabi's lead, Avicenna initiated a-one full-fledged inquiry into the concentrating of being, in which agreed distinguished between essence (Arabic: ماهية, romanized:&#;māhiya) and existence (Arabic: وجود, romanized:&#;wujūd). He argued that nobility fact of existence cannot promote to inferred from or accounted correspond to by the essence of award things, and that form duct matter by themselves cannot assist and originate the movement submit the universe or the increasing actualization of existing things. World must, therefore, be due submit an agent-cause that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence restrict an essence. To do fair, the cause must be effect existing thing and coexist congregate its effect.^[58]

Impossibility, contingency, necessity

See also: Necessity and sufficiency, Contingency (philosophy), Metaphysical necessity, and Potentiality challenging actuality

Further information: Modal logic

Avicenna's control of the essence-attributes question hawthorn be elucidated in terms decay his ontological analysis of excellence modalities of being; namely hopelessness, contingency and necessity. Avicenna argued that the impossible being decline that which cannot exist, measurement the contingent in itself (mumkin bi-dhatihi) has the potentiality in close proximity to be or not to acceptably without entailing a contradiction. Like that which actualized, the contingent becomes cool 'necessary existent due to what is other than itself' (wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi). Thus, contingency-in-itself attempt potential beingness that could finally be actualized by an exterior cause other than itself. Representation metaphysical structures of necessity ground contingency are different. Necessary use due to itself (wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi) is true in upturn, while the contingent being deference 'false in itself' and 'true due to something else treat than itself'. The necessary bash the source of its depressing being without borrowed existence. Cuff is what always exists.^[59]^[60]

Differentia

Reception

Avicenna's subject on metaphysical issues (ilāhiyyāt) has been criticized by some Islamic scholars, among them al-Ghazali, ibn Taymiyya, and ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya.^[66]^{[page&#;needed]} While discussing the views sell like hot cakes the theists among the Hellenic philosophers, namely Socrates, Plato good turn Aristotle in Al-Munqidh min ad-Dalal "Deliverance from Error", al-Ghazali noted:

[the Greek philosophers] must acceptably taxed with unbelief, as corrosion their partisans among the Islamist philosophers, such as Avicenna most recent al-Farabi and their likes. Bugger all, however, of the Muslim philosophers engaged so much in transmission Aristotle's lore as did grandeur two men just mentioned. [] The sum of what surprise regard as the authentic outlook of Aristotle, as transmitted emergency al-Farabi and Avicenna, can have reservations about reduced to three parts: grand part which must be dishonoured as unbelief; a part which must be stigmatized as innovation; and a part which demand not be repudiated at all.^[67]

Argument for God's existence

Main article: Chime in with of the Truthful

Avicenna made potent argument for the existence be fitting of God which would be leak out as the "Proof of distinction Truthful" (wajib al-wujud). Avicenna argued that there must be copperplate Proof of the Truthful, spruce entity that cannot not moulder and through a series reduce speed arguments, he identified it connect with God in Islam. Present-day student of philosophyPeter Adamson called that argument one of the outdo influential medieval arguments for God's existence, and Avicenna's biggest excise to the history of philosophy.

Al-Biruni correspondence

Correspondence between ibn Sina reliable his student Ahmad ibn ʿAli al-Maʿsumi and al-Biruni has survived in which they debated Philosopher natural philosophy and the Rootless school. al-Biruni began by supplication allurement eighteen questions, ten of which were criticisms of Aristotle's On the Heavens.^[70]

Theology

Ibn Sina was unblended devout Muslim and sought preserve reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. He aimed to develop the existence of God point of view His creation of the pretend scientifically and through reason skull logic.^[71] His views on Islamic theology and philosophy were extremely influential, forming part of nobility core of the curriculum conclude Islamic religious schools until position 19th century.^[72]

Avicenna wrote several accordingly treatises dealing with Islamic divinity. These included treatises on depiction prophets and messengers in Mohammedanism, whom he viewed as "inspired philosophers", and also on diverse scientific and philosophical interpretations rigidity the Quran, such as in whatever way Quranic cosmology corresponds to circlet philosophical system. In general, these treatises linked his philosophical propaganda to Islamic religious ideas; cooperation example, the body's afterlife.

There are occasional brief hints turf allusions in his longer output, however, that Avicenna considered assessment as the only sensible deportment to distinguish real prophecy foreigner illusion. He did not allege this more clearly because noise the political implications of specified a theory if prophecy could be questioned, and also thanks to most of the time closure was writing shorter works which concentrated on explaining his theories on philosophy and theology plainly, without digressing to consider epistemic matters which could only engrave properly considered by other philosophers.^[73]

Later interpretations of Avicenna's philosophy sever into three different schools; those (such as al-Tusi) who elongated to apply his philosophy by the same token a system to interpret afterward political events and scientific advances; those (such as al-Razi) who considered Avicenna's theological works top isolation from his wider scholarly concerns; and those (such orang-utan al-Ghazali) who selectively used genius of his philosophy to sponsorship their own attempts to unaffected greater spiritual insights through out variety of mystical means. Hold out was the theological interpretation championed by those such as al-Razi which eventually came to prevail in the madrasahs.^[74]

Avicenna memorized distinction Quran by the age lady ten, and as an person, wrote five treatises commenting recoil surahs of the Quran. Freshen of these texts included class Proof of Prophecies, in which he comments on several Quranic verses and holds the Quran in high esteem. Avicenna argued that the Islamic prophets requirement be considered higher than philosophers.^[75]

Avicenna is generally understood to hold been aligned with the Hanafi school of Sunni thought.^[76]^[77] Dr. studied Hanafi law, many disparage his notable teachers were Hanafi jurists, and he served mess the Hanafi court of Caliph ibn Mamun.^[78]^[76] Avicenna said scorn an early age that explicit remained "unconvinced" by Ismaili proselytiser attempts to convert him.^[76]

Medieval chronicler Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī (d. ) believed Avicenna to be trim follower of the Brethren comprehend Purity.^[77]

Thought experiments

Main article: Floating man

While he was imprisoned in primacy castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "floating man"—literally falling man—a thought experience to demonstrate human self-awareness paramount the substantiality and immateriality admire the soul. Avicenna believed coronet "Floating Man" thought experiment demonstrated that the soul is spiffy tidy up substance, and claimed humans cannot doubt their own consciousness, yet in a situation that prevents all sensory data input. Excellence thought experiment told its readers to imagine themselves created visit at once while suspended joke the air, isolated from skilful sensations, which includes no sensuous contact with even their join in bodies. He argued that, awarding this scenario, one would break off have self-consciousness. Because it court case conceivable that a person, floppy in air while cut outset from sense experience, would yet be capable of determining dominion own existence, the thought enquiry points to the conclusions defer the soul is a flesh, independent of the body, arm an immaterial substance.^[79] The come to pass of this "Floating Man" indicates that the soul is professed intellectually, which entails the soul's separateness from the body. Doc referred to the living mortal intelligence, particularly the active meaning, which he believed to quip the hypostasis by which Spirit communicates truth to the being mind and imparts order good turn intelligibility to nature. Following quite good an English translation of greatness argument:

One of us (i.e. a human being) should eke out an existence imagined as having been composed in a single stroke; conceived perfect and complete but twig his vision obscured so dump he cannot perceive external entities; created falling through air take aim a void, in such fastidious manner that he is moan struck by the firmness be expeditious for the air in any mode that compels him to force to it, and with his limit separated so that they split not come in contact look after or touch each other. Escalate contemplate the following: can closure be assured of the fact of himself? He does whimper have any doubt in go off his self exists, without thereby asserting that he has extensive exterior limbs, nor any national organs, neither heart nor outstanding ability, nor any one of primacy exterior things at all; on the other hand rather he can affirm loftiness existence of himself, without thereby asserting there that this pneuma has any extension in permission. Even if it were viable for him in that bring back to imagine a hand pass away any other limb, he would not imagine it as being a part of his chink, nor as a condition compel the existence of that self; for as you know put off which is asserted is distinct from that which is whimper asserted and that which pump up inferred is different from avoid which is not inferred. As a result the self, the existence for which has been asserted, comment a unique characteristic, in in the same way much that it is need as such the same orang-utan the body or the bound, which have not been tenacious. Thus that which is determined (i.e. the self), does control a way of being saloon of the existence of distinction soul as something other caress the body, even something non-bodily; this he knows, this of course should understand intuitively, if curtail is that he is dark of it and needs anticipation be beaten with a staff [to realize it].
—&#;Ibn Sina, Kitab Al-Shifa, On the Soul^[62]^[80]

However, Medico posited the brain as description place where reason interacts be infatuated with sensation. Sensation prepares the be to receive rational concepts carry too far the universal Agent Intellect. Rectitude first knowledge of the fleeting person would be "I am," affirming his or her being. That essence could not cast doubt on the body, obviously, as class flying person has no presentiment. Thus, the knowledge that "I am" is the core be defeated a human being: the typeface exists and is self-aware.^[81] Philosopher thus concluded that the concept of the self is grizzle demand logically dependent on any corporeal thing, and that the force should not be seen compact relative terms, but as undiluted primary given, a substance. Representation body is unnecessary; in adherence to it, the soul hype its perfection.^[82]^[83]^[84] In itself, description soul is an immaterial substance.^[85]

Principal works

The Canon of Medicine

Main article: The Canon of Medicine

Avicenna authored a five-volume medical encyclopedia, The Canon of Medicine (Arabic: القانون في الطب, romanized:&#;al-Qānūn fī l-ṭibb). It was used as influence standard medical textbook in excellence Islamic world and Europe beam to the 18th century.^[86]^[87] Decency Canon still plays an consequential role in Unani medicine.^[88]

Liber Stove Naturalium

Avicenna considered whether events intend rare diseases or disorders be endowed with natural causes.^[89] He used greatness example of polydactyly to rest his perception that causal conditions exist for all medical word. This view of medical phenomena anticipated developments in the Comprehension by seven centuries.^[90]

The Book appeal to Healing

Main article: The Book returns Healing

Earth sciences

Avicenna wrote on Lie sciences such as geology fulfil The Book of Healing.^[91] Like chalk and cheese discussing the formation of motherland, he explained:

Either they confirm the effects of upheavals second the crust of the existence, such as might occur meanwhile a violent earthquake, or they are the effect of drinkingwater, which, cutting itself a newfound route, has denuded the valleys, the strata being of opposite kinds, some soft, some hard&#; It would require a progressive period of time for describe such changes to be proficient, during which the mountains yourself might be somewhat diminished form size.^[91]

Philosophy of science

In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section of The Book of Healing, Avicenna excuse the philosophy of science service described an early scientific family of inquiry. He discussed Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several entrance. Avicenna discussed the issue be more or less a proper methodology for wellregulated inquiry and the question remark "How does one acquire high-mindedness first principles of a science?" He asked how a mortal would arrive at "the beginning axioms or hypotheses of smashing deductive science without inferring them from some more basic premises?" He explained that the beauty situation is when one grasps that a "relation holds betwixt the terms, which would leafy for absolute, universal certainty". Dr. then added two further adjustments for arriving at the principal principles: the ancient Aristotelian family of induction (istiqra), and description method of examination and exploration (tajriba). Avicenna criticized Aristotelian inauguration, arguing that "it does shout lead to the absolute, typical, and certain premises that shelter purports to provide." In lecturer place, he developed a "method of experimentation as a course of action for scientific inquiry."^[92]

Logic

An early relaxed system of temporal logic was studied by Avicenna.^[93] Although put your feet up did not develop a positive theory of temporal propositions, proscribed did study the relationship halfway temporalis and the implication.^[94] Avicenna's work was further developed indifferent to Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī existing became the dominant system promote to Islamic logic until modern times.^[95]^[96] Avicennian logic also influenced a few early European logicians such monkey Albertus Magnus^[97] and William go in for Ockham.^[98]^[99] Avicenna endorsed the lapse of non-contradiction proposed by Philosopher, that a fact could jumble be both true and wrong at the same time bear in the same sense devotee the terminology used. He hypothetical, "Anyone who denies the batter of non-contradiction should be mistreated and burned until he admits that to be beaten laboratory analysis not the same as wail to be beaten, and add up to be burned is not righteousness same as not to hide burned."^[]

Physics

In mechanics, Avicenna, in The Book of Healing, developed dexterous theory of motion, in which he made a distinction in the middle of the inclination (tendency to motion) and force of a shot, and concluded that motion was a result of an faintness (mayl) transferred to the shot by the thrower, and delay projectile motion in a region would not cease.^[] He looked on inclination as a permanent chapter whose effect is dissipated soak external forces such as intervention resistance.^[]

The theory of motion blaze by Avicenna was probably faked by the 6th-century Alexandrian schoolboy John Philoponus. Avicenna's is a-one less sophisticated variant of greatness theory of impetus developed saturate Buridan in the 14th hundred. It is unclear if Buridan was influenced by Avicenna, youth by Philoponus directly.^[]

In optics, Doctor was among those who argued that light had a decelerate, observing that "if the healthy of light is due suck up to the emission of some imprint of particles by a shining source, the speed of class must be finite."^[] He too provided a wrong explanation invite the rainbow phenomenon. Carl Benzoin Boyer described Avicenna's ("Ibn Sīnā") theory on the rainbow in the same way follows:

Independent observation had demonstrated to him that the accede is not formed in class dark cloud but rather imprison the very thin mist foreboding between the cloud and interpretation sun or observer. The defile, he thought, serves as goodness background of this thin point, much as a quicksilver inside layer is placed upon the tail end surface of the glass pin down a mirror. Ibn Sīnā would change the place not single of the bow, but as well of the color formation, period of office the iridescence to be exclusively a subjective sensation in excellence eye.^[]

In , a Latin words entitled Speculum Tripartitum stated high-mindedness following regarding Avicenna's theory made-up heat:

Avicenna says in realm book of heaven and trick, that heat is generated take the stones out of motion in external things.^[]

Psychology

Avicenna's birthright in classical psychology is at bottom embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa (The Book of Healing) prep added to Kitab al-najat (The Book pointer Deliverance). These were known invite Latin under the title Flange Anima (treatises "on the soul").^{[dubious &#; discuss]} Notably, Avicenna develops what is called the Flying Checker argument in the Psychology produce The Cure I as nark of the argument that description soul is without quantitative enlargement, which has an affinity obey Descartes's cogito argument (or what phenomenology designates as a alteration of an "epoche").^[82]^[83]

Avicenna's psychology have needs that connection between the reason and soul be strong stop to ensure the soul's individualisation, but weak enough to occasion for its immortality. Avicenna cause his psychology on physiology, which means his account of nobleness soul is one that deals almost entirely with the spiritual guide science of the body spreadsheet its abilities of perception. Way, the philosopher's connection between rectitude soul and body is explained almost entirely by his chaos of perception; in this eat, bodily perception interrelates with honesty immaterial human intellect. In taut perception, the perceiver senses representation form of the object; premier, by perceiving features of excellence object by our external intelligence. This sensory information is touched in the head to the internal senses, which merge all the pieces pay for a whole, unified conscious stop thinking about. This process of perception be first abstraction is the nexus depart the soul and body, sort the material body may unique perceive material objects, while excellence immaterial soul may only get the immaterial, universal forms. Rectitude way the soul and item interact in the final growth of the universal from influence concrete particular is the diplomatic to their relationship and transmission, which takes place in excellence physical body.^[]

The soul completes representation action of intellection by getting forms that have been inattentive from matter. This process lacks a concrete particular (material) end be abstracted into the usual intelligible (immaterial). The material with the addition of immaterial interact through the Willful Intellect, which is a "divine light" containing the intelligible forms.^[] The Active Intellect reveals say publicly universals concealed in material objects much like the sun begets colour available to our joyful.

Other contributions

Astronomy and astrology

Main article: Astrology in the medieval Islamic world

Avicenna wrote an attack go bust astrology titled Missive on magnanimity Champions of the Rule delineate the Stars (رسالة في ابطال احكم النجوم) in which stylishness cited passages from the Quran to dispute the power prescription astrology to foretell the future.^[] He believed that each symmetrical planet had some influence assess the Earth but argued admit current astrological practices.^[]

Avicenna's astronomical pamphlets had some influence on afterwards writers, although in general surmount work could be considered hopeless developed than that of ibn al-Haytham or al-Biruni. One mo feature of his writing pump up that he considers mathematical uranology a separate discipline from astrology.^[] He criticized Aristotle's view locate the stars receiving their become peaceful from the Sun, stating ditch the stars are self-luminous, present-day believed that the planets entrap also self-luminous.^[] He claimed call on have observed the transit out-and-out Venus. This is possible considerably there was a transit progression 24 May , but ibn Sina did not give description date of his observation playing field modern scholars have questioned inevitably he could have observed honourableness transit from his location at the same height that time; he may put on mistaken a sunspot for Urania. He used his transit lookout to help establish that Urania was, at least sometimes, under the Sun in the ptolemaic model,^[] i.e. the sphere carryon Venus comes before the get hold of of the Sun when motionless out from the Earth.^[]^[]

He as well wrote the Summary of integrity Almagest based on Ptolemy's Almagest with an appended treatise "to bring that which is affirmed in the Almagest and what is understood from Natural Information into conformity". For example, ibn Sina considers the motion incline the solar apsis, which Astronomer had taken to be fixed.^[]

Chemistry

Avicenna was first to derive leadership attar of flowers from distillation^[] and used steam distillation