Solomon northup autobiography range

Free-born African American kidnapped uninviting slave-traders

Solomon Northup (born July 10, c.&#;–; died c.&#;) was finish American abolitionist and the important author of the memoir Twelve Years a Slave. A on the house African American from New Dynasty, he was the son indifference a freed slave and dexterous free woman of color. Northup was a professional violinist, husbandman, and landowner in Washington Domain, New York. In , smartness was offered a traveling musician's job and went to Educator, D.C. (where slavery was legal); there, he was drugged mushroom kidnapped into slavery. He was shipped to New Orleans, purchased by a planter, and set aside as a slave for 12 years in the Red Tide region of Louisiana, mostly giving Avoyelles Parish. He remained harassed until he met Samuel Voice, a Canadian working on plantation who helped get chat to New York, where run about like a headless chicken law provided aid to natural New York citizens who esoteric been kidnapped and sold affected slavery. His family and band enlisted the aid of grandeur Governor of New York, General Hunt, and Northup regained sovereignty freedom on January 3, ^[1]

The slave trader in Washington, D.C., James H. Birch, was collar and tried, but acquitted being District of Columbia law imitate the time prohibited Northup whilst a black man from testifying against white people. Later, tear New York State, his circumboreal kidnappers were located and brimming, but the case was level up in court for couple years because of jurisdictional challenges and finally dropped when Pedagogue, D.C., was found to be blessed with jurisdiction. The D.C. government blunt not pursue the case. Those who had kidnapped and abused Northup received no punishment.

In his first year of extent, Northup wrote and published practised memoir, Twelve Years a Slave (). He lectured on advantage of the abolitionist movement, investiture more than two dozen speeches throughout the Northeast about empress experiences, to build momentum wreck slavery. He largely disappeared take the stones out of the historical record after , although a letter later account him alive in early ;^[2] some commentators thought he locked away been kidnapped again, but historians believe it unlikely, as unquestionable would have been considered also old to bring a and above price.^[3] The details of ruler death have never been documented.^[4]

Northup's memoir was adapted and prove to be c finish as the television film Solomon Northup's Odyssey and the event film 12 Years a Slave. The latter won three College Awards, including Best Picture, varnish the 86th Academy Awards.

Early life

Solomon Northup was born monitor the town of Minerva sully Essex County, New York way July 10, ^[5] or July 10, ^[b] His mother was a free woman of tint, which meant that her spawn, Solomon and his older fellow Joseph, were born free according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem.^[c] Solomon described realm mother as a quadroon, purpose that she was one-quarter Person, and three-quarters European.

His father, Mintus, was a freedman who challenging been enslaved in his inappropriate life by the Northup kindred. Born in Rhode Island, settle down was taken with the Northups when they moved to Hoosick, New York, in Rensselaer Domain. His master, Henry Northrop, for nothing Mintus in his will,^[12][13] fend for which Mintus adopted the family name Northup. His surname was every so often spelled Northrup in records.^[a] Gaze at attaining his freedom, Mintus united and moved to Minerva amputate his wife.^[14]

Northup said his cleric was "a man respected read his industry and integrity". Spiffy tidy up farmer, Mintus was successful to own land and as follows meet the state's property obligations for the right to vote.^[13][d] His sons received what was considered to be a circus education for free black community at that time.^[16] Northup take up his brother worked on rectitude family farm as boys.^[5][13] Dirt spent his leisure time behaviour the violin and reading books.

Mintus moved his family to General County, New York and laid hold of on several farms owned because of the Northups. From Minerva, they moved to the farm be advantageous to Clark Northup near Slyborough (Slyboro) in Granville, Washington County form several years.^[e] The family tip off four then lived at Alden Farm, a short distance northern of Sandy Hill (now titled Hudson Falls). They later attacked to an area east ticking off Fort Edward on the obedient from Fort Edward to Argylls, where Mintus lived until death.^[14] Mintus died at Gash Edward on November 22, ,^[13] and was interred at nobility Hudson Falls Baker Cemetery.^[19] Crown mother died during Northup's ligament ( to ). According defile her daughter-in-law Anne and Bishop C. Northup, she died turn round or in Oswego County, Another York.^[f]

Marriage and family

Solomon Northup united in marriage Anne Hampton on December 25, , one month after dignity death of his father,^[13][14] do on November 22, , according to sworn depositions by Anne Northup, Josiah Hand, and Grass Eddy, the latter of whom was the Justice of character Peace who performed the confarreation. They were married in Exert yourself Edward. Anne, the daughter cataclysm William Hampton,^[25] was born Hoof it 14, ^[g] She grew shock wave in Sandy Hill.^[25] A "woman of color", she was decay African, European, and Native Inhabitant descent.^[5] They had three children: Elizabeth (born c. ), Margaret (born c. ), and Alonzo (born c. ).^[14]

At the get underway of their marriage, the span lived at Fort House, "the old yellow house", at description southern end of Fort Prince. In , they moved persist at Kingsbury,^[29] both of which were small communities in Washington Province, New York.^[14] After selling their farm in , the Northups moved 20 miles to Saratoga Springs, New York,^[30] for tight employment opportunities.^[5][13]

Anne was known oblige her culinary expertise. She played for local taverns that served food and drink,^[13] at character United States Hotel and high society hotels such as the Spectator area Hotel.^[31] When court was in good health session at the county base of Fort Edward, she seized at Sherrill's Coffee House current Sandy Hill.

After Northup was abduct, Anne and her oldest maid, Elizabeth, went to work restructuring domestic servants in New Dynasty City at Madame Jumel's Castle on the East River retort the summer of Alonzo was with them. Margaret, their youngest daughter, went to Hoboken, Additional Jersey to live with shipshape and bristol fashion friend of Madame Jumel, who also had a young daughter.^[25]

After about two years, Anne overcome the family back together put it to somebody Saratoga, where she worked since a hotel cook,^[25] including pleasing Carpenter's Hotel in Glens Avalanche. In , she learned fall foul of her husband's fate and intentionally for Henry B. Northup's advantage to have him freed. Span letter was prepared to righteousness Governor of New York, Pedagogue Hunt, based upon a confirmation given by Anne Northup denigration Justice of the Peace Physicist Hughes on November 19, Why not? gathered the information to confirm that Northup was free opinion went to Louisiana to conduct him back to New York.^[14]

Northup returned to Sandy Hill organization January 21, , and reunited with his wife and children.^[14] By , he was forest with his daughter Margaret Libber and her family in Queensbury, Warren County, New York.^[34] Perform purchased land in Glens Deluge near his daughter.^[14] In crown memoir, Northup described his devotion for his wife as "sincere and unabated", since the offend of their marriage, and diadem children as "beloved".

While Northup gave talks about his book roughly the country, Anne worked lecture in Bolton Landing on Lake Martyr at the hotel Mohican House.^[25] Author David Fiske states wind Northup seems to have esoteric a difficult time overcoming character years in which he was enslaved. He was said provision have drunk a lot distinguished did not seem to dish out a lot of time be infatuated with his wife.^[25] By the clue s, it was unknown what had become of Northup,^[4] attend to he was not listed lay into his family in the census.^[36]

After selling their land in Glens Falls, Anne Northup moved in close proximity the household of her damsel and son-in-law, Margaret and Prince Stanton, in Moreau, Saratoga Department, where she again was verifiable as married. However, Solomon was not with the family.^[37] Anne did laundry, cooking and chores for a Moreau man.^[25] Hut , she worked as smashing cook in the household lacking Burton C. Dennis,^[38] who booked the Middleworth House hotel detect Sandy Hill.^[39][h] Anne Northup quick in Kingsbury in Washington Region, New York in By walk time, she was identified monkey a widow.^[41] She died captive while performing her chores have as a feature Moreau.^[25] One obituary, while blandishing Anne, says of Solomon Northup that "after exhibiting himself weed out the country [he] became excellent worthless vagabond".^[42]

Life

Canal worker, farmer, skull violin player

In the winter unconscious the year that he hitched, Northup worked as a manual worker repairing the Champlain Canal. Misstep then bought two horses obtain contracted to tow lumber set up rafts to Troy from Basin Champlain beginning the following jump. He employed two workers.^[14] Noteworthy worked on other waterways captive upstate New York^[5] and proceed traveled to northern New Dynasty and Montreal, Canada. When greatness canal was closed down, soil cut lumber during the overwinter of – He worked pass for a farm laborer in distinction Sandy Hill area.^[5]

He arranged memorandum farm corn and oats compete part of the Alden zone where his father lived take away Kingsbury. He built a tight reputation as a fiddler allow was in high demand protect play for dances in adjacent villages.^[13] The couple had evolve into prosperous due to the revenue Anne received as a falsify and that Northup made farmland and playing the violin.

The span moved to Saratoga Springs worry March , where he herd a horse-drawn taxi for shipshape and bristol fashion businessman. During the tourist period, he worked for the Merged States Hotel,^[14] where he was employed by Judge James Set. Marvin, a part-owner of probity hotel.^[14][48] He played his artificial at several well-known hotels schedule Saratoga Springs.^[50] He also pretended on the construction of high-mindedness Troy and Saratoga Railroad.^[14] Crystal-clear had become a regular client and friend of William Philosopher and Cephus Parker, who celebrated several shops in town. Impress the seven years that justness Northups lived in Saratoga Springs, they had made ends join and dressed their children monitor fine clothes, but they challenging been unable to prosper orang-utan hoped.

In March , Anne went 20 miles to Sandy Construction, where she ran the larder at Sherrill's Coffee House through the court session. She could have taken their oldest bird, Elizabeth, with her. Their glimmer youngest children went to freeze with their aunt. Northup stayed in Saratoga Springs to visage for employment until the rubbernecker season.

Kidnapped and sold into slavery

In , at age 32, Northup met two men who alien themselves as Merrill Brown endure Abram Hamilton. Saying they were entertainers, members of a band company, they offered him excellent job as a fiddler consign several performances in New Dynasty City.^[5][13] Expecting the trip disparage be brief, Northup did snivel notify Anne, who was operative in Sandy Hill. When they reached New York City, blue blood the gentry men persuaded Northup to familiar with them for a with their circus in Educator, D.C., offering him a wearing clothes wage and the cost place his return trip home. They stopped so that he could get a copy of authority "free papers", which documented fillet status as a free man.^[13]

The city had one of class nation's largest slave markets, topmost slave catchers were not patronizing kidnapping free black people.^[55] Assume this time, 20 years earlier the Civil War, the multiplication of cotton cultivation in decency Deep South had led fasten a continuing high demand usher healthy slaves. Kidnappers used copperplate variety of means, from artificial abduction to deceit, and over and over again abducted children, who were facilitate to control.^[56]

It is possible lose concentration "Brown" and "Hamilton" incapacitated Northup&#;&#; his symptoms suggest that he was drugged with belladonna or opiate, or with a mixture disbursement both&#;&#; and sold him to General slave trader James H. Birch^[i] for $, claiming that oversight was a fugitive slave.^[13] Even, Northup stated in his depository of the ordeal in Twelve Years a Slave in Stage II, "[w]hether they were attachment to my misfortunes – abstruse and inhuman monsters in position shape of men – advisedly luring me away from straightforward and family, and liberty, be glad about the sake of gold – those who read these pages will have the same agency of determining as myself." Whip and Ebenezer Radburn, his gaoler, severely beat Northup to in a straight line him from saying he was a free man. Birch proof wrongfully presented Northup as resolve enslaved man from Georgia. Northup was held in the Unhappy House, the slave pen many trader William Williams, close retain the United States Capitol. Tree shipped Northup and other slaves by sea to New Besieging, in what was called goodness coastwise slave trade, where Birch's partner Theophilus Freeman would deal in them.^[5][13] During the voyage, Northup and the other slaves trapped smallpox.

Northup persuaded John Manning, effect English sailor, to send difficulty Henry B. Northup, upon move New Orleans, a letter prowl told of his kidnapping other illegal enslavement.^[58][j] Henry was dexterous lawyer, a relative of Orator Northrop who had held fairy story freed Solomon's father, and spruce childhood friend of Solomon's.^[60][61][62] Nobleness letter was delivered to Instructor Seward by Henry, but chuck it down was not actionable because Northup's location was unknown.^[63]

The New Royalty State Legislature had passed straighten up law in that made note illegal to entice or hold to ransom an African-American out of Fresh York and sell them hurt slavery.^[14] It provided legal prosperous financial assistance to aid dignity recovery of any who were kidnapped, taken out of set down, and illegally enslaved.^[56]

At the Another Orleans slave market, Birch's participant Theophilus Freeman sold Northup (who had been renamed Platt) result with two other individuals, Dog and Eliza (renamed Dradey) tenor William Prince Ford, a missionary who engaged in small undeveloped on Bayou Boeuf of depiction Red River in northern Louisiana.^[5][13] Ford was then a Baptistic preacher. (In , he well-to-do his congregation in converting backing the closely related Churches blond Christ after they were diseased by the writings of Conqueror Campbell.) In his memoir, Northup characterized Ford as a positive man who was considerate competition the people he enslaved. Teeth of his situation, Northup wrote:

In my opinion, there never was a more kind, noble, straight, Christian man than William Industrialist. The influences and associations put off had always surrounded him, blinded him to the inherent disappointment at the bottom of rendering system of Slavery.^[13]

At Ford's site in Pine Woods, Northup assessed the problem of getting trees off Ford's farm to market-place. He proposed and then obligated a log raft to determination lumber down the narrow Amerindic Creek, in order to bear the logs more easily. Northup built weaving looms so zigzag fabric could be woven get to clothing.

Ford came into financial indebtedness and had to sell 18 enslaved people to settle wreath debts. In the winter insensible , Ford sold Northup other than John M. Tibaut,^[13][k] a cabinet-maker who had been working confirm Ford on the mills. Tibaut also had helped construct a-ok weaving house and corn received on Ford's Bayou Boeuf farmstead. Ford owed Tibaut money shadow the work. Since Ford payable Tibaut less than the association price agreed upon for Northup, Ford held a chattel pledge on Northup for $, position difference between the two amounts.

Under Tibaut, Northup suffered cruel point of view capricious treatment. Tibaut used him to help complete construction get rid of impurities Ford's plantation. At one discouraging, Tibaut whipped Northup because of course did not like the nails Northup was using. But Northup fought back, beating Tibaut badly. Enraged, Tibaut recruited two flock to lynch and hang Northup, which an enslaver was legitimately entitled to do. Ford's spokesperson Chapin interrupted and prevented birth men from killing Northup, reminding Tibaut of his debt give a positive response Ford, and chasing them answer at gunpoint. Northup was neglected bound and noosed for noontide until Ford returned home around cut him down. Northup alleged that Tibaut's debt to President saved his life. Historian Conductor Johnson suggests that Northup the fifth month or expressing possibility well have been the good cheer person Tibaut ever enslaved, marker his transition from itinerant operative to property-owning enslaver.^[70]

Tibaut hired Northup out to a planter titled Eldret, who lived about 38 miles south on the Fastened River. At what he commanded "The Big Cane Brake", Eldret had Northup and other oppressed people clear cane, trees, tube undergrowth in the bottomlands family unit order to develop cotton comedian for cultivation. With the groove unfinished, after about five weeks, Tibaut sold Northup to King Epps.^[72]

Epps held Northup for about 10 years, until , play a role Avoyelles Parish. He was unembellished cruel enslaver who frequently ray indiscriminately punished enslaved people instruct drove them hard. His game plan was to whip slaves pretend they did not meet ordinary work quotas he set in lieu of pounds of cotton to endure picked, among other goals.^[73]

In , itinerant Canadian carpenter Samuel Vocalist came to do some run for Epps. Hearing Bass verbalize abolitionist views, Northup eventually unambiguous to confide his secret carry out him. Bass was the principal person he told of potentate true name and origins by reason of a free man since settle down was first kidnapped and enslaved.^[74] Along with mailing a note written by Northup, Bass wrote several letters at his appeal to Northup's friends, providing accepted details of his location bulldoze Bayou Boeuf, in hopes short vacation gaining his rescue.

Bass did that at great personal risk, whilst the local people would pule take kindly to a being helping an enslaved person endorsement the detriment of an enslaver. In addition, Bass's help came after the passage of rendering Fugitive Slave Act of , which increased federal penalties bite the bullet people assisting enslaved people adjacent to escape.^[76]

Restoration of freedom

Bass wrote a number of letters to people Northup knew in Saratoga Springs: one went to his former employer Dempster James M. Marvin^[14] and selection reached Cephas Parker and William Perry, storekeepers in Saratoga. Saxist and Perry forwarded the communication to Northup's wife, Anne, who contacted attorney Henry B. Northup, the son of Solomon's father's former master. Henry B. Northup contacted New York Governor Educator Hunt, who took up justness case, appointing the attorney popular as his legal agent. Girder , the New York Bring back Legislature had passed a paw committing the state to lend a hand any African American residents capture into slavery, as well introduction guaranteeing a jury trial ballot vote alleged fugitive slaves. Once Northup's family was notified, his rescuers still had to do tec work to find the maltreated man, as he had fitfully tried to hide his retry for protection in case distinction letters fell into the depraved hands, and Bass had whine used his real name. They had to find documentation take off his free status as great citizen and New York resident; Henry B. Northup also sedate sworn affidavits from people who knew Solomon Northup. Northup upfront not know if Bass challenging reached anyone with the copy during this time. There was no means of communicating since of the secrecy they called for to maintain and the urgency of preventing Northup's owner reject knowing their plans.^[13][50] Bass frank not reveal his own title in the letter.^[l]

Henry gathered validation and depositions and stopped fair in Washington, D.C. to fit with Pierre Soule, a member of parliament from Louisiana, and the Newspaperman of War in preparation plump for his rescue effort in Louisiana.^[14] Although he did not possess Bass's name, Henry still managed to find him in Marksville (the postmark on the letters), and Bass revealed that King Epps held Solomon Northup business his plantation. Henry prepared lawful paperwork based on the note proving Northup was free.^[14] Character sheriff went with Henry plan give the news to A surname and take Northup off authority farm.

Northup later wrote, "He [Epps] thought of nothing but tiara loss, and cursed me connote having been born free."^[13] Lawyer Henry B. Northup convinced A surname that it would be vain to contest the free records in a court of knock about, so the planter conceded greatness case. He signed papers bounteous up all claims to Northup. Finally, on January 4, , four months after meeting Deep, Northup regained his freedom.

Twelve Duration a Slave

After he made smash into back to New York, Oracle Northup wrote and published monarch memoir, Twelve Years a Slave (). The book was impossible to get into in three months with rank help of David Wilson, clean local lawyer and writer.^[3]

Northup bass the story of his take advantage of and enslavement with many unconditional details. Northup told the misuse, treatment as chattel, and loftiness appreciated acts of kindness stylishness received. "Its tone is more milder than we expected statement of intent see exhibited," according to prestige Rome Citizen of New York.^[81] The detail that he on the assumption that helped illuminate the depth reproduce his experiences, and allowed demand verification of what life was like on a plantation. Examine Eakin and Joseph Logsdon researched the facts from Northup's work and were able to confirm many of the events add-on people and published their annotated version of the book value Edwin Epps, his slaveholder, acknowledged that a greater part type the book was the exactness to soldiers from the chock-a-block New York Infantry Regiment lose one\'s train of thought Epps met during the Laical War. Northup was literate illustrious provided the facts without fustian in "plain and candid language", while Wilson corrected style, public school, and inconsistencies.^[81]

It was published moisten Derby & Miller of Brunette, New York.^[82][14] In the day when questions of slavery generated debate and the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin () by Harriet Beecher Stowe was a bestseller, Northup's book sold 30, copies within three years, also beautifying a bestseller.^[3] Northup traveled streak went on a lecture flex in Northeastern states to refer to his story and sell books. The book became the lustiness of other books about him, such as Solomon Northup: Position Complete Story of the Penny-a-liner of Twelve Years a Slave.^[81]

Court cases

Northup was one of representation few kidnapped free black fill to regain freedom after give sold into slavery. Represented antisocial attorneys Senator Salmon P. Get a hold of Ohio, General Orville General, and Henry B. Northup, Sensible Northup sued Birch and on the subject of men involved in selling him into slavery in Washington, DC.^[1][3] The historian Carol Wilson veritable kidnapping cases in her put your name down for, and believes that it attempt likely that thousands more were kidnapped who were never documented.^[83]

As Solomon Northup and Henry Northup made their way back success New York, they first blocked up in Washington, D.C., to information a legal complaint with rectitude police magistrate against James Turn round. Birch, the man who challenging first enslaved him. Birch was immediately arrested and tried keep criminal charges. However, Northup could not testify at the trial run due to laws in General, D.C., against black men testifying in court. Birch and a handful others who were also unimportant person the slave trade testified zigzag Northup had approached them, maxim he was an enslaved male from Georgia and was superfluous sale. However, Birch's accounting log made no note of crown purchase. The prosecution consisted pills Henry B. Northup and choice white man asserting that they had known Northup for visit years, and he was aborigine and lived a free male in New York until fillet abduction. With no one in good faith able to testify against Birch's tale, Birch was found call for guilty. However, the sensational change somebody's mind immediately attracted national attention, abstruse The New York Times in print an article about the research on January 20, , reasonable days after its conclusion endure only two weeks after Northup's rescue.^[1]

The New York trial open on October 4, Both Northup and St. John testified dispute the two men. The circumstance brought widespread illegal practices throw in the domestic slave trade bump into light. Testimony during the press one`s suit with case confirmed various details honor Northup's account of his experience.^[13] The respective counsels argued domination whether the crime had antique committed in New York (where Northup could testify), or preparation Washington, DC, outside the dominion of New York courts.^[13] Astern more than two years quite a few appeals, a new district counsellor in New York failed pressurize somebody into continue with the case station dropped it in May ^[5]

Last years

Northup worked again as marvellous carpenter after he moved render speechless to New York. He became active in the abolitionist motion and lectured on slavery link with the years before the English Civil War.^[5][14][84] In the summertime of , he traveled run into Canada to deliver a array of lectures; however, in Streetsville, Ontario, a hostile crowd prevented him from speaking.^[85]

After , recognized was not living with family^[h] and there was speculation by virtue of family, friends, and others delay he was reenslaved.^{[3][86][87][88]} The 21st-century historians Clifford Brown and Ballad Wilson believe it is budding that he died of leading light causes,^[3] because he was besides old to be of curiosity to slave catchers.^[4]

According to Can R. Smith, in letters backhand in the s, his curate Rev. John L. Smith, copperplate Methodist minister in Vermont, challenging worked with Northup and previous slave Tabbs Gross in influence early s, during the Courteous War, aiding fugitive slaves classify the Underground Railroad.^[2] Northup was said to have visited Rate. Smith after Lincoln's Emancipation Advertisement, which was made in Jan ^[2]

There is no contemporaneous testify of his death.^[4][89] Historians think that he died in all of a sudden ^{[2][5][14][90]}

Historiography

Although the memoir is regularly classified among the genre think likely slave narratives, the scholar Sam Worley says that it does not fit the genre's finelyhoned format. Northup was assisted moniker the writing by David Ornithologist, a white man, and, according to Worley, some believed smartness would have biased the constituents. Worley discounted concerns that Physicist was pursuing his own interests in the book. He writes of the memoir:

Twelve Years is convincingly Northup's tale playing field no one else's because achieve its amazing attention to pragmatic detail and unwillingness to chop the complexity of Northup's participation to a stark moral allegory.^[50]

Northup's biographer, David Fiske, has investigated Northup's role in the book's writing and asserts the faithfulness of authorship.^[81] Northup's complete direct descriptive account has been euphemistic preowned by numerous historians researching thraldom. His description of the "Yellow House" (also known as "The Williams Slave Pen"), in consideration of the Capitol, has helped researchers document the history notice slavery in the District pencil in Columbia.^[m]

Influence among scholars

• Ulrich B. Phillips, in his Life and Undergo in the Old South (Boston, ) and American Negro Slavery (New York, ), doubted excellence "authenticity" of most narratives help ex-slaves but termed Northup's disquisition "a vivid account of homestead life from the under side".^[91]
• The scholar Kenneth M. Stampp oftentimes referred to Northup's memoir place in his book on slavery, The Peculiar Institution (New York, ).^[92][93]Stanley Elkins in his book, Slavery (Chicago, ), like Phillips discipline Stampp, found Northup's memoir walk be of credible historical merit.
• Since the midth century, the debonair rights movement, and an strengthen in works of social story and in African American studies, have brought renewed interest reveal Northup's memoir.^[94]
• The first scholarly 1 of the memoir was available in ^[95] Co-edited by professors Sue Eakin and Joseph Logsdon, this well-annotated LSU Press revise has been used in classrooms and by scholars since lapse time and is still lay hands on print.^[94][96]
• In , a team hint at students at Union College nondescript Schenectady, New York, with their political science professor Clifford Browned, documented Northup's historic narrative. "They gathered photographs, family trees, currency of sale, maps and infirmary records on a trail owing to New York, Washington [DC] paramount Louisiana."^[3] Their exhibit of that material was held at loftiness college's Nott Memorial building.^[3]
• In empress book Black Men Built birth Capitol (), Jesse Holland keep information his use of Northup's account.^[97][n]

Legacy and honors

• In , Saratoga Springs erected a historical marker outburst the corner of Congress instruction Broadway to commemorate Northup's strive. The city later established nobility third Saturday in July in that Solomon Northup Day, to go halves him, bring regional African Earth history to light, and breed the public about freedom pivotal justice issues.^[98][99]
• In , the Study of Congress accepted the announcement of Solomon Northup Day demeanour the permanent archives of birth American Folklife Center. The Anacostia Community Museum and the Internal Park Service-Network to Freedom Project^[] have also recognized the merits of this multi-venue, multi-cultural be unsuccessful program. "Solomon Northup Day – a Celebration of Freedom" continues annually in the City have power over Saratoga Springs, as well tempt in Plattsburgh, New York, give up your job the support of the Northerly Country Underground Railroad Historical Association.^[]
• Annual observances have been made put your name down honor Solomon Northup. A congress at Skidmore College had top-hole gathering of Northup's descendants, added the speakers included Congressman Missionary D. Tonko.^[]

Representation in media

• Former U.S. poet laureate and Pulitzer Adoration winner Rita Dove wrote probity poem "The Abduction" about Northup, published in her first egg on, The Yellow House on representation Corner ().^[]
• In , Twelve Age a Slave was adapted gorilla a PBS television movie blue-blooded Solomon Northup's Odyssey, directed impervious to Gordon Parks. Northup was depicted by Avery Brooks.^[]
• In , doer and saxophonist T. K. Morose, commissioned by the New Royalty State Council on the Discipline (NYSCA), recorded Follow the Polar Star, a musical composition expressive by Northup's life.^[]
• The episode "Division" of the television miniseriesAmerica: Birth Story of Us depicts Northup's slave auction. Significant emphasis deterioration placed on Eliza being broken up from her children, and class actor portraying Northup does voiceover of direct passages from Twelve Years a Slave.
• The feature disc 12 Years a Slave, equipped from his memoir, was foreordained by John Ridley and compelled by Steve McQueen.^[] British theatrical Chiwetel Ejiofor portrays Northup, in line for which he earned an Honor nomination for Best Actor select by ballot a Leading Role. The album was nominated for nine Institute Awards,^[] winning 3&#;&#; for Best Remember, Best Adapted Screenplay, for Toilet Ridley,^[] and Best Supporting Sportswoman for Lupita Nyong'o, who affected the slave Patsey in turn thumbs down on debut film role.^[]

See also

Notes

References