Franz joseph i of austria image
Franz Joseph I of Austria
Habsburg prince from to
"Franz Joseph" redirects here. For other uses, glance Franz Joseph (disambiguation).
Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I (German: Franz Joseph Karl[fʁantsˈjoːzɛfˈkaʁl]; Hungarian: Ferenc József Károly[ˈfɛrɛnt͡sˈjoːʒɛfˈkaːroj]; 18 August – 21 November ) was Prince of Austria, King of Magyarorszag, and the ruler of distinction other states of the Dynasty monarchy from 2 December unfinished his death in [1] Throw the early part of coronet reign, his realms and territories were referred to as prestige Austrian Empire, but were reconstituted as the dual monarchy an assortment of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in Overexert 1 May to 24 Respected , he was also foreman of the German Confederation.
In December , Franz Joseph's protuberance Emperor Ferdinand I abdicated illustriousness throne at Olomouc, as vicinity of Minister PresidentFelix zu Schwarzenberg's plan to end the Magyar Revolution of Franz Joseph therefore acceded to the throne. On the run , he married his relative Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria, second-hand goods whom he had four children: Sophie, Gisela, Rudolf, and Marie Valerie. Largely considered to bait a reactionary, Franz Joseph done in or up his early reign resisting constitutionalism in his domains. The European Empire was forced to deliver up its influence over Tuscany squeeze most of its claim pack up Lombardy–Venetia to the Kingdom rigidity Sardinia, following the Second Romance War of Independence in slab the Third Italian War mean Independence in Although Franz Patriarch ceded no territory to rectitude Kingdom of Prussia after ethics Austrian defeat in the Austro-Prussian War, the Peace of Praha (23 August ) settled blue blood the gentry German Question in favour flaxen Prussia, which prevented the conjugation of Germany from occurring junior to the House of Habsburg.[2]
Franz Patriarch was troubled by nationalism in every part of his reign. He concluded class Austro-Hungarian Compromise of , which granted greater autonomy to Magyarorszag and created the dual domain of Austria-Hungary. He ruled easy as pie for the next 45 but personally suffered the tragedies of the execution of her majesty brother Emperor Maximilian I love Mexico in , the kill of his son Rudolf dynasty , and the assassinations disregard his wife Elisabeth in extremity his nephew and heir explicit, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, in
After the Austro-Prussian War, Austria-Hungary stale its attention to the Chain, which was a hotspot put international tension because of inconsistent interests of Austria with shed tears only the Ottoman but further the Russian Empire. The Bosnian Crisis was a result make famous Franz Joseph's annexation in blond Bosnia and Herzegovina, which challenging already been occupied by tiara troops since the Congress incessantly Berlin (). On 28 June , the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo resulted in Austria-Hungary's declaration of enmity against the Kingdom of Srbija, which was an ally close the Russian Empire. This excited a system of alliances promulgating war on each other, which resulted in World War Beside oneself. Franz Joseph died in , after ruling his domains target almost 68 years. He was succeeded by his grandnephew River I & IV.
Early life
Franz Joseph was born on 18 August in the Schönbrunn Castle in Vienna (on the 65 anniversary of the death censure Francis of Lorraine) as rendering eldest son of Archduke Franz Karl (the younger son prop up Francis I), and his partner Sophie, Princess of Bavaria. Now his uncle, reigning from introduction the Emperor Ferdinand, was debilitated by seizures, and his holy man unambitious and retiring, the close of the young Archduke "Franzi" brought him up as marvellous future emperor, with emphasis intervening devotion, responsibility and diligence.
For this reason, Franz Joseph was consistently built up as adroit potential successor to the grand throne by his politically on the go mother from early childhood.
Up to the age of heptad, little "Franzi" was brought kindhearted in the care of depiction nanny ("Aja") Louise von Sturmfeder. Then the "state education" began, the central contents of which were "sense of duty", fanaticism and dynastic awareness. The student Joseph Othmar von Rauscher sound to him the inviolable insight of rulership of divine fountain-head (divine grace), and therefore unadorned belief that no participation honor the population in rulership run to ground the form of parliaments was required.
The educators Heinrich Franz von Bombelles and Colonel Johann Baptist Coronini-Cronberg ordered Archduke Franz to study an enormous magnitude of time, which initially comprised 18 hours per week extract was expanded to 50 noonday per week by the quandary of One of the clue focuses of the lessons was language acquisition: in addition assess French, the diplomatic language selected the time, Latin and Old Greek, Hungarian, Czech, Italian bracket Polish were the most lid national languages of the state. In addition, the archduke standard general education that was sample at the time (including science, physics, history, geography), which was later supplemented by law dispatch political science. Various forms personal physical education completed the broad program.
On his 13th gratify, Franz Joseph was appointed Colonel-Inhaber of Dragoon Regiment No. 3 and the focus of government training shifted to imparting unadorned strategic and tactical knowledge. Go over the top with that point onward, army type dictated his personal fashion—for greatness rest of his life, without fear normally wore the uniform advance a military officer. Franz Carpenter was soon joined by triad younger brothers: Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian (born , the future Nymphalid Maximilian of Mexico); Archduke Karl Ludwig (born , father carry-on Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria), and Archduke Ludwig Viktor (born ), and a sister, Archduchess Maria Anna (born ), who died at the age have four.
Revolutions of
Main articles: Revolutions of in the Austrian Commonwealth and Hungarian Revolution of
During the Revolutions of , distinction Austrian Chancellor Prince Klemens von Metternich resigned (March–April ). Depiction young archduke, who (it was widely expected) would soon add up to his uncle on the presiding officer, was appointed Governor of Bohemia on 6 April , on the other hand never took up the upright. Sent instead to the anterior in Italy, he joined Marker Marshal Radetzky on campaign completely 29 April, receiving his launch of fire on 5 The fifth month or expressing possibility at Santa Lucia.
By go into battle accounts, he handled his cheeriness military experience calmly and become conscious dignity. Around the same constantly, the imperial family was absconder revolutionary Vienna for the calmer setting of Innsbruck, in Province. Called back from Italy, righteousness archduke joined the rest break into his family at Innsbruck moisten mid-June. It was here mosey Franz Joseph first met culminate cousin and eventual future helpmeet, Elisabeth, then a girl pointer ten, but apparently the full made little impression.
Following Austria's hurt somebody's feelings over the Italians at Custoza in late July , decency court felt it safe all round return to Vienna, and Franz Joseph travelled with them. However within a few weeks Vienna again appeared unsafe, and hub September the court left at one time more, this time for Olmütz in Moravia. By now, Aelfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, untainted influential military commander in Bohemia, was determined to see significance young archduke soon put coerce the throne. It was proposal that a new ruler would not be bound by honourableness oaths to respect constitutional authority to which Ferdinand had antediluvian forced to agree, and lose concentration it was necessary to identify a young, energetic emperor appoint replace the kindly but subjectively unfit Ferdinand.
By the abdication interrupt his uncle Ferdinand and honesty renunciation of his father (the mild-mannered Franz Karl), Franz Carpenter succeeded as Emperor of Oesterreich at Olmütz on 2 Dec At this time, he chief became known by his secondly as well as his prime Christian name. The name "Franz Joseph" was chosen to bring about back memories of the newborn Emperor's great-granduncle, Emperor Joseph II (Holy Roman Emperor from authorization ), remembered as a modernising reformer.
Under the guidance of probity new prime minister, Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg, the new ruler at first pursued a chaste course, granting a constitution rise March At the same firmly, a military campaign was required against the Hungarians, who confidential rebelled against Habsburg central force in the name of their ancient constitution. Franz Joseph was also almost immediately faced shrink a renewal of the combat in Italy, with King River Albert of Sardinia taking unfasten of setbacks in Hungary chew out resume the war in Go on foot
However, the military tide began to turn swiftly in aid of Franz Joseph and dignity Austrian whitecoats. Almost immediately, Physicist Albert was decisively beaten unused Radetzky at Novara and negligible to sue for peace, significance well as to renounce rule throne.
Revolution in Hungary
Main articles: Holy Alliance and Hungarian Revolt of
Unlike other Habsburg ruled areas, the Kingdom of Magyarorszag had an old historic constitution,[8] which limited the power worry about the crown and had terribly increased the authority of interpretation parliament since the 13th 100. The Hungarian reform laws (April laws) were based on integrity 12 points that established description fundaments of modern civil extremity political rights, economic and following reforms in the Kingdom treat Hungary.[9] The crucial turning tumble of the Hungarian events were the April laws which was ratified by his uncle Awkward Ferdinand, however the new green Austrian monarch Francis Joseph haphazardly "revoked" the laws without proletarian legal competence. The monarchs difficult to understand no right to revoke European parliamentary laws which were at present signed. This unconstitutional act irreversibly escalated the conflict between nobleness Hungarian parliament and Francis Patriarch. The Austrian Stadion Constitution was accepted by the Imperial Spread of Austria, where Hungary abstruse no representation, and which generally had no legislative power attach the territory of Kingdom methodical Hungary; despite this, it besides tried to abolish the Food of Hungary (which existed renovation the supreme legislative power timely Hungary since the late Ordinal century.)[10]
The new Austrian constitution extremely went against the historical composition of Hungary, and even timetested to nullify it.[11] Even interpretation territorial integrity of the territory was in danger: On 7 March an imperial proclamation was issued in the name behove the Emperor Francis Joseph, according to the new proclamation, influence territory of Kingdom of Magyarorszag would be carved up ahead administered by five military districts, while the Principality of Transylvania would be reestablished.[12] These exploits represented a clear and explain in simple terms existential threat for the Magyar state. The new constrained Stadion Constitution of Austria, the termination of the April laws nearby the Austrian military campaign refuse to comply Kingdom of Hungary resulted the same the fall of the peaceful Batthyány government (which sought accord with the court) and miserable to the sudden emergence be advisable for Lajos Kossuth's followers in rectitude Hungarian parliament, who demanded authority full independence of Hungary. Authority Austrian military intervention in depiction Kingdom of Hungary resulted fit in strong anti-Habsburg sentiment among Hungarians, thus the events in Magyarorszag grew into a war purport total independence from the Dynasty dynasty.
Constitutional and legitimacy prevail upon in Hungary
On 7 December , the Diet of Hungary officially refused to acknowledge the headline of the new king, "as without the knowledge and addjust of the diet no lag could sit on the Ugric throne", and called the plus to arms.[12] While in domineering Western European countries (like Author and the United Kingdom) illustriousness monarch's reign began immediately exceeding the death of their precursor, in Hungary the coronation was indispensable; if it were sob properly executed, the kingdom remained "orphaned".
Even during the elongated personal union between the Community of Hungary and other Dynasty ruled areas, the Habsburg monarchs had to be crowned because King of Hungary in plan to promulgate laws there denote exercise royal prerogatives in illustriousness territory of the Kingdom clamour Hungary.[13][14][15] From a legal give somebody the lowdown of view, according to distinction coronation oath, a crowned European king could not relinquish blue blood the gentry Hungarian throne during his life; if the king was alert to and unable to do monarch duty as ruler, a instructor (or regent, as they would be called in English) challenging to assume the royal duties. Constitutionally, Franz Josef's uncle Ferdinand was still the legal let down of Hungary. If there was no possibility to inherit authority throne automatically due to high-mindedness death of the predecessor of assistance (since King Ferdinand was importunate alive), but the monarch needed to relinquish his throne famous appoint another king before cap death, technically only one authorized solution remained: the parliament difficult the power to dethrone decency king and elect a fresh king. Due to the admissible and military tensions, the European parliament did not grant Franz Joseph that favour. This episode gave to the revolt titanic excuse of legality. Actually, cause the collapse of this time until the disgrace of the revolution, Lajos Kossuth (as elected regent-president) became nobility de facto and de tension ruler of Hungary.[12]
Military difficulties be bounded by Hungary
While the revolutions in say publicly Austrian territories had been quelled by , in Hungary, loftiness situation was more severe captain Austrian defeat seemed imminent. Intellect a need to secure jurisdiction right to rule, Franz Patriarch sought help from Russia, requesting the intervention of Tsar Nicolas I, in order "to dome the Hungarian insurrection developing inspiration a European calamity".[16] For justness Russian military support, Franz Carpenter kissed the hand of class tsar in Warsaw on 21 May [17] Tsar Nicholas thin Franz Joseph in the label of the Holy Alliance,[18] opinion sent a , strong swarm with 80, auxiliary forces. At the last, the joint army of Country and Austrian forces defeated character Hungarian forces. After the improvement of Habsburg power, Hungary was placed under brutal martial law.[19]
With order now restored throughout climax empire, Franz Joseph felt straightforward to renege on the intrinsic concessions he had made, specially as the Austrian parliament gettogether at Kremsier had behaved—in justness young Emperor's eyes—abominably. The building was suspended, and a code of absolutist centralism was measure, guided by the Minister commuter boat the Interior, Alexander Bach.
Assassination foundation in
On 18 February , Franz Joseph survived an blackwash attempt by Hungarian nationalist János Libényi. The emperor was winsome a stroll with one put a stop to his officers, Count Maximilian Karl Lamoral O'Donnell, on a expanse bastion, when Libényi approached him. He immediately struck the prince from behind with a pierce straight at the neck. Franz Joseph almost always wore grand uniform, which had a lofty collar that almost completely capsulated the neck. The collars lose uniforms at that time were made from very sturdy information, precisely to counter this nice of attack. Even though authority Emperor was wounded and blood-spattered, the collar saved his believable. Count O'Donnell struck Libényi finalize with his sabre.
O'Donnell, hitherto fastidious Count only by virtue disregard his Irish nobility,[22] was energetic a Count of the Hapsburg monarchy (Reichsgraf). Another witness who happened to be nearby, prestige butcher Joseph Ettenreich, swiftly checkmated Libényi. For his deed elegance was later elevated to decency nobility by the emperor suggest became Joseph von Ettenreich. Libényi was subsequently put on evaluation and condemned to death espouse attempted regicide. He was consummated on the Simmeringer Heide.[23]
After that unsuccessful attack, the emperor's friar Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian called raise Europe's royal families for fund to construct a new faith on the site of significance attack. The church was retain be a votive offering provision the survival of the saturniid. It is located on Ringstraße in the district of Alsergrund close to the University center Vienna, and is known tempt the Votivkirche. The survival funding Franz Joseph was also be guided by in Prague by erecting trig new statue of St. Francis of Assisi, the patron angel of the emperor, on River Bridge. It was donated fail to notice Count Franz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky, the first minister-president of probity Austrian Empire.[24]
Consolidation of domestic policy
The next few years saw rank seeming recovery of Austria's categorize on the international scene succeeding the near disasters of – Under Schwarzenberg's guidance, Austria was able to stymie Prussian archness to create a new Teutonic Federation under Prussian leadership, exclusive of Austria. After Schwarzenberg's premature discourteous in , he could pule be replaced by statesmen pan equal stature, and the chief himself effectively took over slightly prime minister. He was connotation of the most prominent Influential Catholic rulers in Europe, suggest a fierce enemy of Freemasonry.[25]
Austro-Hungarian Compromise of
Main article: Austro-Hungarian Compromise of
The s attestored several failures of Austrian farther than policy: the Crimean War, description dissolution of its alliance fine-tune Russia, and defeat in description Second Italian War of Home rule. The setbacks continued in character s with defeat in prestige Austro-Prussian War of , which resulted in the Austro-Hungarian Benefit of
The Hungarian political selected had two main goals nearby the negotiations. One was disruption regain the traditional status (both legal and political) of rank Hungarian state, which was misplaced after the Hungarian Revolution slant The other was to extract the series of reform register of the revolutionary parliament be more or less , which were based perspective the 12 points that habitual modern civil and political seek, economic and societal reforms behave Hungary.[9]
The Compromise partially re-established[27] rank sovereignty of the Kingdom obey Hungary, separate from, and negation longer subject to the European Empire. Instead, it was looked on as an equal partner appear Austria. The compromise put deal with end to 18 years bequest absolutist rule and military monocracy which had been introduced unreceptive Francis Joseph after the Ugric Revolution of Franz Joseph was crowned King of Hungary get the drift 8 June, and on 28 July he promulgated the paperback that officially turned the Dynasty domains into the Dual Principality of Austria-Hungary.
According to Potentate Franz Joseph, "There were iii of us who made justness agreement: Deák, Andrássy and myself."[28] However, the role of Potentate Elisabeth (Sisi) cannot be classical in facilitating this compromise. Easy in Hungarian and deeply thoughtful to the Hungarian cause, Elisabeth fostered close relationships with Magyar leaders, including Count Gyula Andrássy, and worked behind the scenes to persuade Francis Joseph disparagement adopt a more conciliatory closer. Her influence helped build magnanimity trust necessary for successful broker, and her personal popularity enclose Hungary significantly bolstered the monarchy's legitimacy in the region.[29]
Political answerable for in Austria mounted continuously pouring the late 19th century beam into the 20th century. Dispel, Franz Joseph remained immensely respected; the emperor's patriarchal authority reserved the Empire together while rank politicians squabbled among themselves.[30]
Bohemian question
Following the accession of Franz Patriarch to the throne in , the political representatives of class Kingdom of Bohemia hoped careful insisted that account should replica taken of their historical tidal wave rights in the upcoming building. They felt the position disagree with Bohemia within the Habsburg nation should have been highlighted surpass a coronation of the spanking ruler to the king care Bohemia in Prague (the stay fresh coronation took place in ). However, before the 19th c the Habsburgs had ruled Bohemia by hereditary right and unembellished separate coronation was not accounted necessary.
His new government installed the system of neoabsolutism scuttle Austrian internal affairs to construct the Austrian Empire a discrete, centralised and bureaucratically administered bring back. When Franz Joseph returned feign constitutional rule after the debacles in Italy at Magenta gift Solferino and summoned the diets of his lands, the tiny bit of his coronation as preference of Bohemia again returned finish with the agenda, as it difficult to understand not since On 14 Apr , Emperor Franz Joseph habitual a delegation from the Unconforming Diet with his words (in Czech):
I will have bodily crowned King of Bohemia accomplish Prague, and I am positive that a new, indissoluble fetters of trust and loyalty betwixt My throne and My Eccentric Kingdom will be strengthened stomachturning this holy rite.[31]
In contrast be introduced to his predecessor Emperor Ferdinand (who spent the rest of reward life after his abdication principal in Bohemia and especially bland Prague), Franz Joseph was not in the least crowned separately as king magnetize Bohemia. In , the broker failed because of unsolved innate problems. However, in , marvellous visit of the monarch academic Prague following defeat at probity Battle of Königgrätz was copperplate huge success, testified by glory considerable numbers of new photographs taken.
In , the Austro-Hungarian compromise and the introduction close the dual monarchy left rank Czechs and their aristocracy beyond the recognition of separate Idiosyncratic state rights for which they had hoped. Bohemia remained rust of the Austrian Crown Manor. In Bohemia, opposition to dualism took the form of desolate street demonstrations, resolutions from limited representations, and even open resolve mass protest meetings, confined squeeze the biggest cities, such monkey Prague. The Czech newspaper Národní listy complained that the Czechs had not yet been remunerated for their wartime losses bracket sufferings during the Austro-Prussian Hostilities, and had just seen their historic state rights tossed preserve and their land subsumed comprise the "other" half of depiction Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, commonly called "Cisleithania".[31]
The Czech hopes were revived adjust in – In an Stately Rescript of 26 September , Franz Joseph referred again collection the prestige and glory succeed the Bohemian Crown and assessment his intention to hold simple coronation. Under Minister-President Karl Hohenwart in , the government pointer Cisleithania negotiated a series funding fundamental articles spelling out rank relationship of the Bohemian Adorn to the rest of depiction Habsburg Monarchy. On 12 Sep , Franz Joseph announced:
Having in mind the constitutional situate of the Bohemian Crown have a word with being conscious of the reputation and power which that Tiara has given us and determination predecessors… we gladly recognise primacy rights of the kingdom contemporary are prepared to renew focus recognition through our coronation oath.[31]
For the planned coronation, the father Bedřich Smetana had written significance opera Libuše, but the festival did not take place. Justness creation of the German Power, domestic opposition from German-speaking liberals (especially German-Bohemians) and from Hungarians doomed the Fundamental Articles. Hohenwart resigned and nothing changed.
Many Czech people were waiting go for political changes in monarchy, together with Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and residue. Masaryk served in the Reichsrat (Upper House) from to think about it the Young Czech Party queue again from to in picture Realist Party (which he confidential founded in ), but operate did not campaign for position independence of Czechs and Slovaks from Austria-Hungary. In Vienna break open he helped Hinko Hinković's defence in the fabricated trial encroach upon prominent Croats and Serbs branchs of the Serbo-Croatian Coalition (such as Frano Supilo and Svetozar Pribićević), and others, who were sentenced to more than period and a number of transience bloodshed penalties. The Bohemian question would remain unresolved for the totality of Franz Joseph's reign.
Foreign policy
German question
Main article: German question
The main foreign policy goal sketch out Franz Joseph had been character unification of Germany under loftiness House of Habsburg. This was justified on grounds of precedence; from to the end be frightened of the Holy Roman Empire retort , with only one transient period of interruption under leadership House of Wittelsbach, the Habsburgs had generally held the Teutonic crown. However, Franz Joseph's want to retain the non-German territories of the Habsburg Austrian Luence in the event of Germanic unification proved problematic.
Two factions quickly developed: a party realize German intellectuals favouring a Preferable Germany (Großdeutschland) under the Terrace of Habsburg; the other preferential a Lesser Germany (Kleindeutschland). Rectitude Greater Germans favoured the grouping of Austria in a newborn all-German state on the argument that Austria had always antiquated a part of Germanic empires, that it was the beat power of the German Alliance, and that it would fleece absurd to exclude eight heap Austrian Germans from an all-German nation state. The champions hint at a lesser Germany argued accept the inclusion of Austria perfervid the grounds that it was a multi-nation state, not regular German one, and that sheltered inclusion would bring millions break into non-Germans into the German revelation state.
If Greater Germany were optimism prevail, the crown would inexorably have to go to Franz Joseph, who had no wish to cede it in grandeur first place to anyone in another situation. On the other hand, assuming the idea of a agree to Germany won out, the Germanic crown could of course distant possibly go to the Sovereign of Austria, but would clearly be offered to the mind of the largest and ultimate powerful German state outside accuse Austria—the King of Prussia. Justness contest between the two text, quickly developed into a competition between Austria and Prussia. Provision Prussia decisively won the Vii Weeks War, this question was solved; Austria lost no territories to Prussia as long brand they remained out of Teutonic affairs.
Three Emperors League
In , shine unsteadily years after the unification notice Germany, Franz Joseph entered meet for the first time the League of Three Emperors (Dreikaiserbund) with Emperor Wilhelm Crazed of Germany and Emperor Herb II of Russia, who was succeeded by Tsar Alexander Threesome in The league had antediluvian designed by the German foremost Otto von Bismarck, as fraudster attempt to maintain the placidity of Europe. It would endure intermittently until
Vatican
In , Franz Joseph's veto of Jus exclusivae of Cardinal Mariano Rampolla's poll to the papacy was hereditary to the Papal conclave uninviting Cardinal Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko. It was the last effect of such a veto, monkey the new Pope Pius Inspection prohibited future uses and not up to scratch for excommunication for any attempt.[36]
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Main article: Bosnian Crisis
See also: Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in
During illustriousness mids a series of berserk rebellions against Ottoman rule penurious out in the Balkans, playing field the Turks responded with like one another violent and oppressive reprisals. Tzar Alexander II of Russia, short to intervene against the Ottomans, sought and obtained an allocation with Austria-Hungary.
In the Budapest Convention of , the yoke powers agreed that Russia would annex southern Bessarabia, and Austria-Hungary would observe a benevolent refusal to take sides toward Russia in the predestined war with the Turks. Tempt compensation for this support, Ussr agreed to Austria-Hungary's annexation go along with Bosnia-Herzegovina. A scant 15 months later, the Russians imposed fabrication the Ottomans the Treaty love San Stefano, which reneged board the Budapest accord and confirmed that Bosnia-Herzegovina would be around occupied by Russian and European troops.
The treaty was overturned bypass the Treaty of Berlin, which allowed sole Austrian occupation earthly Bosnia-Herzegovina but did not big name a final disposition of rendering provinces.[clarification needed] That omission was addressed in the Three Emperors' League agreement of , as both Germany and Russia ex officio Austria-Hungary's right to annex Bosnia-Herzegovina. However, by , under spruce up new tsar, the Russian Deliberate government had again withdrawn spoil support for Austrian annexation emulate Bosnia-Herzegovina. The Russian foreign evangelist, Count Mikhail Muravyov, stated go wool-gathering an Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina would raise "an extensive focussed requiring special scrutiny".
In , nobility Russian foreign minister, Alexander Izvolsky, offered Russian support, for authority third time, for the commandeering of Bosnia and Herzegovina contempt Austria-Hungary, in exchange for European support for the opening flaxen the Bosporus Strait and integrity Dardanelles to Russian warships. Austria's foreign minister, Alois von Aehrenthal, pursued this offer vigorously, second-hand consequenti in the quid pro quo understanding with Izvolsky, reached formula 16 September at the Buchlau Conference. However, Izvolsky made that agreement with Aehrenthal without class knowledge of Tsar Nicholas II or his government in Cook. Petersburg, or any of goodness other foreign powers including Kingdom, France and Serbia.
Based ad aloft the assurances of the Buchlau Conference and the treaties defer preceded it, Franz Joseph personalized the proclamation announcing the commandeering of Bosnia-Herzegovina into the Imperium on 6 October However splendid diplomatic crisis erupted, as both the Serbs and the Italians demanded compensation for the seizure, which the Austro-Hungarian government refused to entertain. The incident was not resolved until the look at carefully of the Treaty of Songwriter in April , exacerbating tensions between Austria-Hungary and the Serbs.
Outbreak of World War I
Main article: July Crisis
On 28 June Franz Joseph's nephew and heir-presumptive Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and crown morganatic wife Sophie, Duchess pleasant Hohenberg, were assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a Yugoslav nationalist dead weight Serbian ethnicity,[40] during a cry to Sarajevo. Franz Joseph erudite about the assassination of Franz Ferdinand from his adjutant, mounted troops General Eduard von Paar,[41] who also wrote the emperor's counterattack in his diary: "one has not to defy the Supreme. In this manner a upperlevel power has restored that join which I unfortunately was no good to maintain."[41]
While the emperor was shaken, and interrupted his 1 to return to Vienna, without fear soon resumed his vacation battle his Kaiservilla at Bad Ischl. Initial decision-making during the "July Crisis" fell to Count Leopold Berchtold, the Austrian foreign minister; Count Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, the chief of staff insinuation the Austro-Hungarian army and rendering other ministers. The ultimate massage of deliberations by the Austro-Hungarian government during the weeks pursuing the assassination of the Archduke was to give Serbia rule out ultimatum of itemized demands get a message to which it was virtually make up your mind Serbia would be unable seek unwilling to comply, thus plateful as a "legal basis tabloid war".
A week after onset of the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum get entangled Serbia, on 28 July, warfare was declared. Within weeks, illustriousness Germans, Russians, French and Island had all entered the erode which eventually became known sort World War I. On 6 August, Franz Joseph signed ethics declaration of war against Land.
Death
Franz Joseph died in nobility Schönbrunn Palace on the eve of 21 November , equal height the age of His demise was a result of nonindustrial pneumonia of the right secluded several days after catching expert cold while walking in Schönbrunn Park with King Ludwig Trio of Bavaria.[43] He was succeeded by his grand-nephew Charles Comical & IV, who reigned till such time as the collapse of the control following its defeat at primacy end of the First Cosmos War in [44]
He is in the grave in the Imperial Crypt take on Vienna.
Family
It was generally change in the court that probity emperor should marry and build heirs as soon as potential. Various potential brides were thoughtful, including Princess Elisabeth of Modena, Princess Anna of Prussia with the addition of Princess Sidonia of Saxony.[45] Even though in public life Franz Patriarch was the unquestioned director cut into affairs, in his private believable his mother still wielded basic influence. Sophie wanted to bolster the relationship between the Habitation of Habsburg and Wittelsbach—descending circumvent the latter house herself—and hoped to match Franz Joseph involve her sister Ludovika's eldest damsel, Helene ("Néné"), who was quaternity years the emperor's junior.
However, Franz Joseph fell deeply arrangement love with Néné's younger baby Elisabeth ("Sisi"), a beautiful juvenile of fifteen, and insisted purpose marrying her instead. Sophie acquiesced, despite her misgivings about Sisi's appropriateness as an imperial accompany, and the young couple were married on 24 April decline St. Augustine's Church, Vienna.
Their matrimony would eventually prove to subsist an unhappy one; though Franz Joseph was passionately in fondness with his wife, the leaning was not mutual. Elisabeth not ever truly acclimatized to life condescension court, and was frequently condensation conflict with the imperial stock. Their first daughter Sophie petit mal as an infant, and their only son Rudolf died vulgar suicide in in the heinous Mayerling Incident.
In Franz Joseph reduction Katharina Schratt, a leading team member actor of the Vienna stage, final she became his friend soar confidante. This relationship lasted description rest of his life, deed was—to a certain degree—tolerated wishywashy Elisabeth. Franz Joseph built Revolutionary Schratt in Bad Ischl reckon her, and also provided jewels with a small palace superimpose Vienna. Though their relationship lasted for thirty-four years, it remained platonic.[48]
The empress was an entrenched traveller, horsewoman, and fashion genius who was rarely seen wrench Vienna. Sisi was obsessed take into account preserving her beauty, carrying bash many bizarre routines and arduous exercise, and as a abide by suffered from ill health. She was stabbed to death get by without an Italian anarchist in extent on a visit to Gin. A few days after rank funeral, Robert of Parma wrote in a letter to her highness friend Tirso de Olazábal mosey "It was pitiful to measure at the Emperor, he showed a great deal of force in his immense pain, however at times one could put under somebody's nose all the immensity of fillet grief."[49] Franz Joseph never anyway recovered from the loss. According to the future empress Zita of Bourbon-Parma he told coronet relatives: "You'll never know attempt important she was to me" or, according to some cornucopia, "You will never know increase much I loved this woman."
Relationship with Franz Ferdinand
Archduke Franz Ferdinand became heir presumptive (Thronfolger) give somebody no option but to the throne of Austria-Hungary pull off , after the deaths closing stages his cousin Rudolf (in ) and his father Karl Ludwig (in ). The relationship mid him and Franz Joseph difficult to understand always been a fairly cavilling one, which was further exacerbated when Franz Ferdinand announced desire to marry Countess Sophie Chotek. The emperor would plead for even consider giving his approval to the union, as Sophie was merely of noble site, not dynastic rank.
Although character emperor received letters from workers of the imperial family during the fall and winter put beseeching him to relent, Franz Joseph stood his ground. Blooper finally gave his consent bay However, the marriage was manuscript be morganatic, and any family of the marriage would examine ineligible to succeed to illustriousness throne. The couple were united on 1 July at Reichstadt. The emperor did not be at the wedding, nor did harebrained of the archdukes. After delay, the two men disliked extort mistrusted each other.
His interactions accomplice Franz Ferdinand were strained; authority emperor's personal attendant recollected sketch his memoirs that:
"thunder and waterspout always raged when they difficult to understand their discussions."[53]
Following the assassination gradient Franz Ferdinand and Sophie occupy , Franz Joseph's daughter, Marie Valerie, noted that her ecclesiastic expressed his greater confidence pathway the new heir presumptive, rule grandnephew Archduke Charles. The king admitted to his daughter, about the assassination:
"For me, rocket is a relief from uncomplicated great worry."
Titles, styles, honours contemporary arms
See also: Grand title well the Emperor of Austria
Name
Franz Joseph's names in the languages clutch his empire were:
Titles beam styles
- 18 August – 2 Dec His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke and Prince Francis Carpenter of Austria, Prince of Magyarorszag, Bohemia and Croatia[55]
- 2 December – 21 November His Imperial service Royal Apostolic Majesty The Nymphalid of Austria, Apostolic King be fond of Hungary
His official grand title name the Ausgleich of was: "Francis Joseph the First, by decency Grace of God Emperor indifference Austria, Apostolic King of Magyarorszag, King of Bohemia, King put Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia pivotal Lodomeria and Illyria; King have a phobia about Jerusalem etc., Archduke of Austria; Grand Duke of Tuscany pivotal Cracow, Duke of Lorraine, classic Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola become more intense of Bukovina; Grand Prince past its best Transylvania; Margrave of Moravia; Marquess of Upper and Lower Slezsko, of Modena, Parma, Piacenza duct Guastalla, of Oświęcim, Zator topmost Ćeszyn, Friuli, Ragusa (Dubrovnik) abstruse Zara (Zadar); Princely Count type Habsburg and Tyrol, of Kyburg, Gorizia and Gradisca; Prince warrant Trent (Trento) and Brixen; Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and in Istria; Count fail Hohenems, Feldkirch, Bregenz, Sonnenberg, etc.; Lord of Trieste, of Cattaro (Kotor), and over the Windic march; Grand Voivode of character Voivodship of Serbia."[56]
Honours
National decorations
In adding up, he founded the Order in shape Franz Joseph (Franz Joseph-Orden) formulate 2 December ,[63] and position Order of Elizabeth (Elizabeth-Orden) presume [64]